naginterfaces.library.specfun.bessel_​k0_​real

naginterfaces.library.specfun.bessel_k0_real(x)

bessel_k0_real returns the value of the modified Bessel function $K_0\left(x\right)$.

For full information please refer to the NAG Library document for s18ac

https://support.nag.com/numeric/nl/nagdoc_30.2/flhtml/s/s18acf.html

Parameters

xfloat

The argument $x$ of the function.

Returns

k0float

The value of the function at $x$.

Raises

NagValueError

(errno $1$)

On entry, $x=⟨value⟩$.

Constraint: $x>0.0$.

$K_0$ is undefined and the function returns zero.

Notes

bessel_k0_real evaluates an approximation to the modified Bessel function of the second kind $K_0\left(x\right)$.

Note: $K_0\left(x\right)$ is undefined for $x\le 0$ and the function will fail for such arguments.

The function is based on five Chebyshev expansions:

For $0<x\le 1$,

$$K_0\left(x\right)=-ln\left(x\right){\sum ^{\prime }}_{r=0}{a}_r{T}_r\left(t\right)+{\sum ^{\prime }}_{r=0}{b}_r{T}_r\left(t\right)\text{, where}t=2x^2-1\text{.}$$

For $1<x\le 2$,

$$K_0\left(x\right)=e^{-x}{\sum ^{\prime }}_{r=0}{c}_r{T}_r\left(t\right)\text{, where}t=2x-3\text{.}$$

For $2<x\le 4$,

$$K_0\left(x\right)=e^{-x}{\sum ^{\prime }}_{r=0}{d}_r{T}_r\left(t\right)\text{, where}t=x-3\text{.}$$

For $x>4$,

$$K_0\left(x\right)=\frac{e^{-x}}{\sqrt{x}}{\sum ^{\prime }}_{r=0}{e}_r{T}_r\left(t\right),\text{where}t=\frac{9-x}{1+x}\text{.}$$

For $x$ near zero, $K_0\left(x\right)\simeq -\gamma -ln\left(\frac{x}{2}\right)$, where $\gamma$ denotes Euler’s constant. This approximation is used when $x$ is sufficiently small for the result to be correct to machine precision.

For large $x$, where there is a danger of underflow due to the smallness of $K_0$, the result is set exactly to zero.

References

NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions