Integer, Intent (In)	::	n, lda
Integer, Intent (Inout)	::	ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	p
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	condpa
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout)	::	a(lda,*)

C Header Interface

#include <nag.h>

void	f01kef_ (const Integer n, Complex a[], const Integer lda, const double p, double condpa, Integer *ifail)

The routine may be called by the names f01kef or nagf_matop_complex_gen_matrix_cond_pow.

3 Description

For a matrix

A

with no eigenvalues on the closed negative real line,

A^{p}

(

p \in ℝ

) can be defined as

A^{p} = \exp (p \log (A))

where

\log (A)

is the principal logarithm of

A

(the unique logarithm whose spectrum lies in the strip

\{z : - π < Im (z) < π\}

The Fréchet derivative of the matrix

p

th power of

A

is the unique linear mapping

E ⟼ L (A, E)

such that for any matrix

E

{(A + E)}^{p} - A^{p} - L (A, E) = o (‖E‖) .

The derivative describes the first-order effect of perturbations in

A

on the matrix power

A^{p}

The relative condition number of the matrix

p

th power can be defined by

κ_{A^{p}} = \frac{‖L (A)‖ ‖A‖}{‖A^{p}‖},

where

‖L (A)‖

is the norm of the Fréchet derivative of the matrix power at

A

f01kef uses the algorithms of Higham and Lin (2011) and Higham and Lin (2013) to compute

κ_{A^{p}}

and

A^{p}

. The real number

p

is expressed as

p = q + r

where

q \in (- 1, 1)

and

r \in ℤ

. Then

A^{p} = A^{q} A^{r}

. The integer power

A^{r}

is found using a combination of binary powering and, if necessary, matrix inversion. The fractional power

A^{q}

is computed using a Schur decomposition, a Padé approximant and the scaling and squaring method.

To obtain the estimate of

κ_{A^{p}}

, f01kef first estimates

‖L (A)‖

by computing an estimate

γ

of a quantity

K \in [n^{- 1} {‖L (A)‖}_{1}, n {‖L (A)‖}_{1}]

, such that

γ \leq K

. This requires multiple Fréchet derivatives to be computed. Fréchet derivatives of

A^{q}

are obtained by differentiating the Padé approximant. Fréchet derivatives of

A^{p}

are then computed using a combination of the chain rule and the product rule for Fréchet derivatives.

A

is nonsingular but has negative real eigenvalues f01kef will return a non-principal matrix

p

th power and its condition number.

4 References

Higham N J (2008) Functions of Matrices: Theory and Computation SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Higham N J and Lin L (2011) A Schur–Padé algorithm for fractional powers of a matrix SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 32(3) 1056–1078

Higham N J and Lin L (2013) An improved Schur–Padé algorithm for fractional powers of a matrix and their Fréchet derivatives SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 34(3) 1341–1360

5 Arguments

1: $n$ – Integer Input: On entry: $n$ , the order of the matrix $A$ .

Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
2: $a (lda *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output: Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least $n$ .

On entry: the $n$ by $n$ matrix $A$ .

On exit: the $n$ by $n$ principal matrix $p$ th power, $A^{p}$ , unless $ifail = 1$ , in which case a non-principal $p$ th power is returned.
3: $lda$ – Integer Input: On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f01kef is called.

Constraint: $lda \geq n$ .
4: $p$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input: On entry: the required power of $A$ .
5: $condpa$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output: On exit: if $ifail = 0$ or $3$ , an estimate of the relative condition number of the matrix $p$ th power, $κ_{A^{p}}$ . Alternatively, if $ifail = 4$ , the absolute condition number of the matrix $p$ th power.
6: $ifail$ – Integer Input/Output: On entry: ifail must be set to $0$ , $- 1$ or $1$ to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of $0$ causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of $- 1$ means that an error message is printed while a value of $1$ means that it is not.

If halting is not appropriate, the value $- 1$ or $1$ is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, the value $0$ is recommended. When the value $- 1$ or $1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit: $ifail = 0$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

- 1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: $A$ has eigenvalues on the negative real line. The principal $p$ th power is not defined in this case, so a non-principal power was returned.

$ifail = 2$: $A$ is singular so the $p$ th power cannot be computed.

$ifail = 3$: $A^{p}$ has been computed using an IEEE double precision Padé approximant, although the arithmetic precision is higher than IEEE double precision.

$ifail = 4$: The relative condition number is infinite. The absolute condition number was returned instead.

$ifail = 5$: An unexpected internal error occurred. This failure should not occur and suggests that the routine has been called incorrectly.

$ifail = - 1$: On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .

$ifail = - 3$: On entry, $lda = 〈value〉$ and $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $lda \geq n$ .

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

f01kef uses the norm estimation routine f04zdf to produce an estimate

γ

of a quantity

K \in [n^{- 1} {‖L (A)‖}_{1}, n {‖L (A)‖}_{1}]

, such that

γ \leq K

. For further details on the accuracy of norm estimation, see the documentation for f04zdf.

For a normal matrix

A

(for which

A^{H} A = A A^{H}

), the Schur decomposition is diagonal and the computation of the fractional part of the matrix power reduces to evaluating powers of the eigenvalues of

A

and then constructing

A^{p}

using the Schur vectors. This should give a very accurate result. In general, however, no error bounds are available for the algorithm. See Higham and Lin (2011) and Higham and Lin (2013) for details and further discussion.

8 Parallelism and Performance

f01kef is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f01kef makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The amount of complex allocatable memory required by the algorithm is typically of the order

10 \times n^{2}

The cost of the algorithm is

O (n^{3})

floating-point operations; see Higham and Lin (2013).

If the matrix

p

th power alone is required, without an estimate of the condition number, then f01fqf should be used. If the Fréchet derivative of the matrix power is required then f01kff should be used. The real analogue of this routine is f01jef.

10 Example

This example estimates the relative condition number of the matrix power

A^{p}

, where

p = 0.4

and

A = (\begin{matrix} 1 + 2 i & 3 & 2 & 1 + 3 i \\ 1 + i & 1 & 1 & 2 + i \\ 1 & 2 & 1 & 2 i \\ 3 & i & 2 + i & 1 \end{matrix}) .

f01ke: FL CL CPP AD

NAG FL Interfacef01kef (complex_​gen_​matrix_​cond_​pow)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
f01kef (complex_gen_matrix_cond_pow)