NAG CL Interface
f07bnc (zgbsv)

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1 Purpose

f07bnc computes the solution to a complex system of linear equations
AX=B ,  
where A is an n×n band matrix, with kl subdiagonals and ku superdiagonals, and X and B are n×r matrices.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  f07bnc (Nag_OrderType order, Integer n, Integer kl, Integer ku, Integer nrhs, Complex ab[], Integer pdab, Integer ipiv[], Complex b[], Integer pdb, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: f07bnc, nag_lapacklin_zgbsv or nag_zgbsv.

3 Description

f07bnc uses the LU decomposition with partial pivoting and row interchanges to factor A as A=PLU, where P is a permutation matrix, L is a product of permutation and unit lower triangular matrices with kl subdiagonals, and U is upper triangular with (kl+ku) superdiagonals. The factored form of A is then used to solve the system of equations AX=B.

4 References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia https://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5 Arguments

1: order Nag_OrderType Input
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by order=Nag_RowMajor. See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: order=Nag_RowMajor or Nag_ColMajor.
2: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the number of linear equations, i.e., the order of the matrix A.
Constraint: n0.
3: kl Integer Input
On entry: kl, the number of subdiagonals within the band of the matrix A.
Constraint: kl0.
4: ku Integer Input
On entry: ku, the number of superdiagonals within the band of the matrix A.
Constraint: ku0.
5: nrhs Integer Input
On entry: r, the number of right-hand sides, i.e., the number of columns of the matrix B.
Constraint: nrhs0.
6: ab[dim] Complex Input/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ab must be at least max(1,pdab×n).
On entry: the n×n coefficient matrix A.
This is stored as a notional two-dimensional array with row elements or column elements stored contiguously. The storage of elements Aij, for row i=1,,n and column j=max(1,i-kl),,min(n,i+ku), depends on the order argument as follows:
  • if order=Nag_ColMajor, Aij is stored as ab[(j-1)×pdab+kl+ku+i-j];
  • if order=Nag_RowMajor, Aij is stored as ab[(i-1)×pdab+kl+j-i].
See Section 9 for further details.
On exit: ab is overwritten by details of the factorization.
The elements, uij, of the upper triangular band factor U with kl+ku super-diagonals, and the multipliers, lij, used to form the lower triangular factor L are stored. The elements uij, for i=1,,n and j=i,,min(n,i+kl+ku), and lij, for i=1,,n and j=max(1,i-kl),,i, are stored where Aij is stored on entry.
7: pdab Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) of the matrix A in the array ab.
Constraint: pdab2×kl+ku+1.
8: ipiv[n] Integer Output
On exit: if no constraints are violated, the pivot indices that define the permutation matrix P; at the ith step row i of the matrix was interchanged with row ipiv[i-1]. ipiv[i-1]=i indicates a row interchange was not required.
9: b[dim] Complex Input/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array b must be at least
  • max(1,pdb×nrhs) when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • max(1,n×pdb) when order=Nag_RowMajor.
The (i,j)th element of the matrix B is stored in
  • b[(j-1)×pdb+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • b[(i-1)×pdb+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On entry: the n×r right-hand side matrix B.
On exit: if fail.code= NE_NOERROR, the n×r solution matrix X.
10: pdb Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array b.
Constraints:
  • if order=Nag_ColMajor, pdbmax(1,n);
  • if order=Nag_RowMajor, pdbmax(1,nrhs).
11: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, kl=value.
Constraint: kl0.
On entry, ku=value.
Constraint: ku0.
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n0.
On entry, nrhs=value.
Constraint: nrhs0.
On entry, pdab=value.
Constraint: pdab>0.
On entry, pdb=value.
Constraint: pdb>0.
NE_INT_2
On entry, pdb=value and n=value.
Constraint: pdbmax(1,n).
On entry, pdb=value and nrhs=value.
Constraint: pdbmax(1,nrhs).
NE_INT_3
On entry, pdab=value, kl=value and ku=value.
Constraint: pdab2×kl+ku+1.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_SINGULAR
Element value of the diagonal is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed, but the factor U is exactly singular, so the solution could not be computed.

7 Accuracy

The computed solution for a single right-hand side, x^ , satisfies an equation of the form
(A+E) x^ = b ,  
where
E1 = O(ε) A1  
and ε is the machine precision. An approximate error bound for the computed solution is given by
x^-x1 x1 κ(A) E1 A1 ,  
where κ(A) = A-11 A1 , the condition number of A with respect to the solution of the linear equations. See Section 4.4 of Anderson et al. (1999) for further details.
Following the use of f07bnc, f07buc can be used to estimate the condition number of A and f07bvc can be used to obtain approximate error bounds. Alternatives to f07bnc, which return condition and error estimates directly are f04cbc and f07bpc.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
f07bnc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
f07bnc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The band storage scheme for the array ab is illustrated by the following example, when n=6 , kl=1 , and ku=2 . Storage of the band matrix A in the array ab:
order=Nag_ColMajor * * * + + + * * a13 a24 a35 a46 * a12 a23 a34 a45 a56 a11 a22 a33 a44 a55 a66 a21 a32 a43 a54 a65 * a0    order=Nag_RowMajor * a11 a12 a13 + a21 a22 a23 a24 + a32 a33 a34 a35 + a43 a44 a45 a46 * a54 a55 a56 * * a65 a66 * * *  
Array elements marked * need not be set and are not referenced by the function. Array elements marked + need not be set, but are defined on exit from the function and contain the elements u14 , u25 and u36 .
The total number of floating-point operations required to solve the equations AX=B depends upon the pivoting required, but if nkl + ku then it is approximately bounded by O( nkl ( kl + ku ) ) for the factorization and O( n ( 2 kl + ku ) r ) for the solution following the factorization.
The real analogue of this function is f07bac.

10 Example

This example solves the equations
Ax=b ,  
where A is the band matrix
A = ( -1.65+2.26i -2.05-0.85i 0.97-2.84i 0.00i+0.00 6.30i -1.48-1.75i -3.99+4.01i 0.59-0.48i 0.00i+0.00 -0.77+2.83i -1.06+1.94i 3.33-1.04i 0.00i+0.00 0.00i+0.00 4.48-1.09i -0.46-1.72i )  
and
b = ( -1.06+21.50i -22.72-53.90i 28.24-38.60i -34.56+16.73i ) .  
Details of the LU factorization of A are also output.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (f07bnce.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (f07bnce.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (f07bnce.r)