Integer, Intent (In)	::	n, kl, ku, nrhs, ldab, ldafb, ipiv(*), ldb, ldx
Integer, Intent (Out)	::	iwork(n), info
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	ab(ldab,), afb(ldafb,), b(ldb,*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout)	::	x(ldx,*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	ferr(nrhs), berr(nrhs), work(3*n)
Character (1), Intent (In)	::	trans

C Header Interface

#include <nag.h>

void

f07bhf_ (const char *trans, const Integer *n, const Integer *kl, const Integer *ku, const Integer *nrhs, const double ab[], const Integer *ldab, const double afb[], const Integer *ldafb, const Integer ipiv[], const double b[], const Integer *ldb, double x[], const Integer *ldx, double ferr[], double berr[], double work[], Integer iwork[], Integer *info, const Charlen length_trans)

The routine may be called by the names f07bhf, nagf_lapacklin_dgbrfs or its LAPACK name dgbrfs.

3 Description

f07bhf returns the backward errors and estimated bounds on the forward errors for the solution of a real band system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides

A X = B

A^{T} X = B

. The routine handles each right-hand side vector (stored as a column of the matrix

B

) independently, so we describe the function of f07bhf in terms of a single right-hand side

b

and solution

x

Given a computed solution

x

, the routine computes the component-wise backward error

β

. This is the size of the smallest relative perturbation in each element of

A

and

b

such that

x

is the exact solution of a perturbed system

\begin{matrix} (A + δ A) x = b + δ b \\ | δ a_{i j} | \leq β | a_{i j} | and | δ b_{i} | \leq β | b_{i} | . \end{matrix}

Then the routine estimates a bound for the component-wise forward error in the computed solution, defined by:

\max_{i} | x_{i} - {\hat{x}}_{i} | / \max_{i} | x_{i} |

where

\hat{x}

is the true solution.

For details of the method, see the F07 Chapter Introduction.

4 References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5 Arguments

1: $trans$ – Character(1) Input

On entry: indicates the form of the linear equations for which

X

is the computed solution.

$trans ='N'$: The linear equations are of the form $A X = B$ .
$trans ='T'$ or $'C'$: The linear equations are of the form $A^{T} X = B$ .

Constraint:

trans ='N'

'T'

'C'

2: $n$ – Integer Input

On entry:

n

, the order of the matrix

A

Constraint:

n \geq 0

3: $kl$ – Integer Input

On entry:

k_{l}

, the number of subdiagonals within the band of the matrix

A

Constraint:

kl \geq 0

4: $ku$ – Integer Input

On entry:

k_{u}

, the number of superdiagonals within the band of the matrix

A

Constraint:

ku \geq 0

5: $nrhs$ – Integer Input

On entry:

r

, the number of right-hand sides.

Constraint:

nrhs \geq 0

6: $ab (ldab, *)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input

Note: the second dimension of the array ab must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the original

n \times n

band matrix

A

as supplied to f07bdf.

The matrix is stored in rows

1

k_{l} + k_{u} + 1

, more precisely, the element

A_{i j}

must be stored in

ab (k_{u} + 1 + i - j, j) for ​ \max (1, j - k_{u}) \leq i \leq \min (n, j + k_{l}) .

See Section 9 in f07baf for further details.

7: $ldab$ – Integer Input

On entry: the first dimension of the array ab as declared in the (sub)program from which f07bhf is called.

Constraint:

ldab \geq kl + ku + 1

8: $afb (ldafb, *)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input

Note: the second dimension of the array afb must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the

L U

factorization of

A

, as returned by f07bdf.

9: $ldafb$ – Integer Input

On entry: the first dimension of the array afb as declared in the (sub)program from which f07bhf is called.

Constraint:

ldafb \geq 2 \times kl + ku + 1

10: $ipiv (*)$ – Integer array Input

Note: the dimension of the array ipiv must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the pivot indices, as returned by f07bdf.

11: $b (ldb, *)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input

Note: the second dimension of the array b must be at least

\max (1, nrhs)

On entry: the

n \times r

right-hand side matrix

B

12: $ldb$ – Integer Input

On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which f07bhf is called.

Constraint:

ldb \geq \max (1, n)

13: $x (ldx, *)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output

Note: the second dimension of the array x must be at least

\max (1, nrhs)

On entry: the

n \times r

solution matrix

X

, as returned by f07bef.

On exit: the improved solution matrix

X

14: $ldx$ – Integer Input

On entry: the first dimension of the array x as declared in the (sub)program from which f07bhf is called.

Constraint:

ldx \geq \max (1, n)

15: $ferr (nrhs)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output

On exit:

ferr (j)

contains an estimated error bound for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

16: $berr (nrhs)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output

On exit:

berr (j)

contains the component-wise backward error bound

β

for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

17: $work (3 \times n)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace

18: $iwork (n)$ – Integer array Workspace

19: $info$ – Integer Output

On exit:

info = 0

unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

$info < 0$: If $info = - i$ , argument $i$ had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.

7 Accuracy

The bounds returned in ferr are not rigorous, because they are estimated, not computed exactly; but in practice they almost always overestimate the actual error.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.

f07bhf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f07bhf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

For each right-hand side, computation of the backward error involves a minimum of

4 n (k_{l} + k_{u})

floating-point operations. Each step of iterative refinement involves an additional

2 n (4 k_{l} + 3 k_{u})

operations. This assumes

n ≫ k_{l}

and

n ≫ k_{u}

. At most five steps of iterative refinement are performed, but usually only one or two steps are required.

Estimating the forward error involves solving a number of systems of linear equations of the form

A x = b

A^{T} x = b

; the number is usually

4

5

and never more than

11

. Each solution involves approximately

2 n (2 k_{l} + k_{u})

operations.

The complex analogue of this routine is f07bvf.

10 Example

This example solves the system of equations

A X = B

using iterative refinement and to compute the forward and backward error bounds, where

A = (\begin{matrix} - 0.23 & 2.54 & - 3.66 & 0.00 \\ - 6.98 & 2.46 & - 2.73 & - 2.13 \\ 0.00 & 2.56 & 2.46 & 4.07 \\ 0.00 & 0.00 & - 4.78 & - 3.82 \end{matrix}) and B = (\begin{matrix} 4.42 & - 36.01 \\ 27.13 & - 31.67 \\ - 6.14 & - 1.16 \\ 10.50 & - 25.82 \end{matrix}) .

Here

A

is nonsymmetric and is treated as a band matrix, which must first be factorized by f07bdf.

f07bh: FL CL CPP AD PY MB

NAG FL Interfacef07bhf (dgbrfs)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
f07bhf (dgbrfs)