NAG CL Interface
g05nfc (resample)

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1 Purpose

g05nfc selects a pseudorandom sample (or resamples) from a vector of integers based on the supplied weights.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  g05nfc (Integer rtype, Integer n, const double wt[], const Integer ipop[], Integer m, Integer nrs, Integer otype, Integer isampl[], Integer pdisampl, Integer state[], NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: g05nfc or nag_rand_resample.

3 Description

Given a vector V, of n integer values, g05nfc selects m elements with the probability of selecting Vj proportional to a user-supplied weight, wj. The sampling is done with replacement, so that each value, Vj, may appear more than once in the sample.
The most common usage case for g05nfc is where V was obtained using some other sampling method, for example, importance sampling. In such a case, this function is used to perform resampling.
Several methods of calculating Nj, the number of times Vj appears in the sample, are available: See g05tgc for more information on the multinomial distribution and Douc et al. (2005) for more details on the resampling methods.
If multiple samples are requested (nrs>1) then the chosen resampling method is performed independently for each sample.
One of the initialization functions g05kfc (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or g05kgc (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to g05nfc.

4 References

Douc R, Cappe O, and Moulines E (2005) Comparison of resampling schemes for particle filtering Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis 64–69 https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2005.195385
Li T, Bolic M, and Djuric P M (2015) Resampling Methods for Particle Filtering: Classification, implementation, and strategies IEEE Signal Processing Magazine vol. 32, no. 3 70–86 https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2014.2330626

5 Arguments

1: rtype Integer Input
On entry: a flag indicating the resampling method to use.
rtype=1
Multinomial resampling will be used.
rtype=2
Systematic resampling will be used.
rtype=3
Residual resampling will be used.
Constraint: rtype=1, 2 or 3.
2: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the size of the population.
Constraint: n0.
3: wt[n] const double Input
On entry: wi, the weights. These weights need not sum to 1.0.
Constraints:
  • wt[i-1]0.0, for i=1,2,,n;
  • at least one (and preferably more than one) weight must be nonzero.
4: ipop[dim] const Integer Input
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ipop must be at least
  • n, when ipopis notNULL;
  • otherwise ipop is not referenced and may be NULL.
On entry: V, the vector to be sampled from. If ipopisNULL then the V is assumed to be the set of values (1,2,,n).
Elements of ipop with the same value are not combined, therefore, if wt[i]0,wt[j]0 and ij then there is a nonzero probability that the sample will contain both ipop[i] and ipop[j], irrespective of their values.
If the values to be returned in isampl are counts, i.e., otype=2, then ipop is not referenced.
5: m Integer Input
On entry: m, the size of the sample required.
Constraint: m0.
6: nrs Integer Input
On entry: the number of times to resample.
Constraint: nrs0.
7: otype Integer Input
On entry: a flag indicating what is returned in isampl.
otype=1
The values returned in isampl are taken from the population.
otype=2
The values returned in isampl are counts.
See isampl for more information.
Constraint: otype=1 or 2.
8: isampl[pdisampl×nrs] Integer Output
Note: where ISAMPL(j,k) appears in this document, it refers to the array element isampl[(k-1)×pdisampl+j-1].
On exit: the selected samples.
If otype=1 then each column of ISAMPL contains the m values from V that make up the sample. If otype=2 then ISAMPL(j,k) contains the number of times that Vj appears in the kth sample.
9: pdisampl Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating matrix row elements in the array isampl.
Constraints:
  • if otype=1, pdisamplm;
  • otherwise pdisampln.
10: state[dim] Integer Communication Array
Note: the dimension, dim, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument state in the previous call to nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) or nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc).
On entry: contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.
On exit: contains updated information on the state of the generator.
11: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_ARRAY_SIZE
On entry, m=value, otype=1 and pdisampl=value.
Constraint: pdisamplm.
On entry, n=value, otype=2 and pdisampl=value.
Constraint: pdisampln.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, m=value.
Constraint: m0.
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n0.
On entry, nrs=value.
Constraint: nrs0.
On entry, otype=value.
Constraint: otype=1 or 2.
On entry, rtype=value.
Constraint: rtype=1, 2 or 3.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_INVALID_STATE
On entry, state vector has been corrupted or not initialized.
NE_NEG_WEIGHT
On entry, i=value and wt[i-1]=value.
Constraint: wt[i-1]0.0.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NON_ZERO_WEIGHTS
On entry, all the weights are zero.
Constraint: at least one weight must be nonzero.
NW_POTENTIAL_PROBLEM
There was no random component to the sample. Check the sample size and weights are as expected.
Specifically, check that more than one weight is nonzero. If rtype=3, also check the combination of m and weights.

7 Accuracy

Not applicable.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
g05nfc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

It should be noted that whilst a given sample is a random selection from V, the ordering of the sample within isampl may not be. For example, when otype=1 the values returned are likely to be in the same order that the values appear in V. If it is important that the returned values represent a random sample from V rather than a ordered random sample then each sample should be randomly permuted via a subsequent call to g05ncc. The same applies to the order in which multiple samples are returned. One consequence of this is that if you call g05nfc once with nrs=1, say, and then again (using the same initial values for state), with nrs=2 the first column of ISAMPL may not be the same in both cases since, on the second call, the sample from the first call may be returned in the second column rather than the first.
See also g05ndc, g05nec and g05tlc for other types of sampling.

10 Example

This example draws five samples of twenty five from a population of the same length and prints out the values.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g05nfce.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (g05nfce.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g05nfce.r)