void	g07bec (Nag_CestMethod cens, Integer n, const double x[], const Integer ic[], double beta, double gamma, double tol, Integer maxit, double sebeta, double segam, double corr, double dev, Integer nit, NagError fail)

The function may be called by the names: g07bec, nag_univar_estim_weibull or nag_estim_weibull.

3 Description

g07bec computes maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters of the Weibull distribution from exact or right-censored data.

For

n

realizations,

y_{i}

, from a Weibull distribution a value

x_{i}

is observed such that

x_{i} \leq y_{i} .

There are two situations:

(a)exactly specified observations, when $x_{i} = y_{i}$
(b)right-censored observations, known by a lower bound, when $x_{i} < y_{i}$ .

The probability density function of the Weibull distribution, and hence the contribution of an exactly specified observation to the likelihood, is given by:

f (x; λ, γ) = λ γ x^{γ - 1} \exp (- λ x^{γ}), x > 0,   for ​ λ, γ > 0;

while the survival function of the Weibull distribution, and hence the contribution of a right-censored observation to the likelihood, is given by:

S (x; λ, γ) = \exp (- λ x^{γ}), x > 0,   for ​ λ, γ > 0 .

d

of the

n

observations are exactly specified and indicated by

i \in D

and the remaining

(n - d)

are right-censored, then the likelihood function,

Like ​ (λ, γ)

is given by

Like (λ, γ) \propto {(λ γ)}^{d} (\prod_{i \in D} x_{i}^{γ - 1}) \exp (- λ \sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i}^{γ}) .

To avoid possible numerical instability a different parameterisation

β, γ

is used, with

β = \log (λ)

. The kernel log-likelihood function,

L (β, γ)

, is then:

L (β, γ) = d \log (γ) + d β + (γ - 1) \sum_{i \in D} \log (x_{i}) - e^{β} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i}^{γ} .

If the derivatives

\frac{\partial L}{\partial β}

\frac{\partial L}{\partial γ}

\frac{\partial^{2} L}{{\partial β}^{2}}

\frac{\partial^{2} L}{\partial β \partial γ}

and

\frac{\partial^{2} L}{{\partial γ}^{2}}

are denoted by

L_{1}

L_{2}

L_{11}

L_{12}

and

L_{22}

, respectively, then the maximum likelihood estimates,

\hat{β}

and

\hat{γ}

, are the solution to the equations:

L_{1} (\hat{β}, \hat{γ}) = 0

(1)

and

L_{2} (\hat{β}, \hat{γ}) = 0

(2)

Estimates of the asymptotic standard errors of

\hat{β}

and

\hat{γ}

are given by:

se (\hat{β}) = \sqrt{\frac{- L_{22}}{L_{11} L_{22} - L_{12}^{2}}}, se (\hat{γ}) = \sqrt{\frac{- L_{11}}{L_{11} L_{22} - L_{12}^{2}}} .

An estimate of the correlation coefficient of

\hat{β}

and

\hat{γ}

is given by:

\frac{L_{12}}{\sqrt{L_{12} L_{22}}} .

Note: if an estimate of the original parameter

λ

is required, then

\hat{λ} = \exp (\hat{β}) and se (\hat{λ}) = \hat{λ} se (\hat{β}) .

The equations (1) and (2) are solved by the Newton–Raphson iterative method with adjustments made to ensure that

\hat{γ} > 0.0

4 References

Gross A J and Clark V A (1975) Survival Distributions: Reliability Applications in the Biomedical Sciences Wiley

Kalbfleisch J D and Prentice R L (1980) The Statistical Analysis of Failure Time Data Wiley

5 Arguments

1: $cens$ – Nag_CestMethod Input

On entry: indicates whether the data is censored or non-censored.

$cens = Nag_NoCensored$: Each observation is assumed to be exactly specified. ic is not referenced.
$cens = Nag_Censored$: Each observation is censored according to the value contained in $ic [i - 1]$ , for $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$ .

Constraint:

cens = Nag_NoCensored

Nag_Censored

2: $n$ – Integer Input

On entry:

n

, the number of observations.

Constraint:

n \geq 1

3: $x [n]$ – const double Input

On entry:

x [i - 1]

contains the

i

th observation,

x_{i}

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

Constraint:

x [i - 1] > 0.0

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

4: $ic [\dim]$ – const Integer Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ic must be at least

$n$ when $cens = Nag_Censored$ ;
$1$ otherwise.

On entry: if

cens = Nag_Censored

ic [i - 1]

contains the censoring codes for the

i

th observation, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

ic [i - 1] = 0

, the

i

th observation is exactly specified.

ic [i - 1] = 1

, the

i

th observation is right-censored.

cens = Nag_NoCensored

, ic is not referenced.

Constraint: if

cens = Nag_Censored

, then

ic [i - 1] = 0

1

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

5: $beta$ – double * Output

On exit: the maximum likelihood estimate,

\hat{β}

, of

β

6: $gamma$ – double * Input/Output

On entry: indicates whether an initial estimate of

γ

is provided.

gamma > 0.0

, it is taken as the initial estimate of

γ

and an initial estimate of

β

is calculated from this value of

γ

gamma \leq 0.0

, initial estimates of

γ

and

β

are calculated, internally, providing the data contains at least two distinct exact observations. (If there are only two distinct exact observations, the largest observation must not be exactly specified.) See Section 9 for further details.

On exit: contains the maximum likelihood estimate,

\hat{γ}

, of

γ

7: $tol$ – double Input

On entry: the relative precision required for the final estimates of

β

and

γ

. Convergence is assumed when the absolute relative changes in the estimates of both

β

and

γ

are less than tol.

tol = 0.0

, a relative precision of

0.000005

is used.

Constraint:

machine precision \leq tol \leq 1.0

tol = 0.0

8: $maxit$ – Integer Input

On entry: the maximum number of iterations allowed.

maxit \leq 0

, a value of

25

is used.

9: $sebeta$ – double * Output

On exit: an estimate of the standard error of

\hat{β}

10: $segam$ – double * Output

On exit: an estimate of the standard error of

\hat{γ}

11: $corr$ – double * Output

On exit: an estimate of the correlation between

\hat{β}

and

\hat{γ}

12: $dev$ – double * Output

On exit: the maximized kernel log-likelihood,

L (\hat{β}, \hat{γ})

13: $nit$ – Integer * Output

On exit: the number of iterations performed.

14: $fail$ – NagError * Input/Output

The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $⟨ value ⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_CONVERGENCE: The chosen method has not converged in $⟨ value ⟩$ iterations. You should either increase tol or maxit.
NE_DIVERGENCE: The process has diverged. The process is deemed divergent if three successive increments of $β$ or $γ$ increase. Either different initial estimates should be provided or the data should be checked to see if the Weibull distribution is appropriate.
NE_INITIALIZATION: Unable to calculate initial values. This is due to there being either less than two distinct exactly specified observations or exactly two and the largest observation is one of the exact observations.
NE_INT: On entry, $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 1$ .
NE_INT_ARRAY_ELEM_CONS: On entry, $i = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $ic [i - 1] = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $ic [i - 1] = 0$ or $1$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_OBSERVATIONS: On entry, there are no exactly specified observations.
NE_OVERFLOW: Potential overflow detected. This is an unlikely error exit usually caused by a large input estimate of $γ$ .
NE_REAL: On entry, $tol = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $machine precision < tol \leq 1.0$ or $tol = 0.0$ .
NE_REAL_ARRAY_ELEM_CONS: On entry, $i = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $x [i - 1] = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $x [i - 1] > 0.0$ .
NE_SINGULAR: Hessian matrix of the Newton–Raphson process is singular. Either different initial estimates should be provided or the data should be checked to see if the Weibull distribution is appropriate.

7 Accuracy

Given that the Weibull distribution is a suitable model for the data and that the initial values are reasonable the convergence to the required accuracy, indicated by tol, should be achieved.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.

g07bec is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The initial estimate of

γ

is found by calculating a Kaplan–Meier estimate of the survival function,

\hat{S} (x)

, and estimating the gradient of the plot of

\log (- \log (\hat{S} (x)))

against

x

. This requires the Kaplan–Meier estimate to have at least two distinct points.

The initial estimate of

\hat{β}

, given a value of

\hat{γ}

, is calculated as

\hat{β} = \log (\frac{d}{\sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i}^{\hat{γ}}}) .

10 Example

In a study,

20

patients receiving an analgesic to relieve headache pain had the following recorded relief times (in hours):

1.1 1.4 1.3 1.7 1.9 1.8 1.6 2.2 1.7 2.7 4.1 1.8 1.5 1.2 1.4 3.0 1.7 2.3 1.6 2.0

(See Gross and Clark (1975).) This data is read in and a Weibull distribution fitted assuming no censoring; the parameter estimates and their standard errors are printed.

g07be: FL CL CPP AD PY MB

NAG CL Interfaceg07bec (estim_​weibull)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG CL Interface
g07bec (estim_weibull)