Integer, Intent (In)	::	n, m, p, lda, ldb, lwork
Integer, Intent (Out)	::	info
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout)	::	a(lda,), b(ldb,)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	taua(min(n,m)), taub(min(n,p)), work(max(1,lwork))

C Header Interface

#include <nag.h>

void	f08zef_ (const Integer n, const Integer m, const Integer p, double a[], const Integer lda, double taua[], double b[], const Integer ldb, double taub[], double work[], const Integer lwork, Integer *info)

The routine may be called by the names f08zef, nagf_lapackeig_dggqrf or its LAPACK name dggqrf.

3 Description

f08zef forms the generalized

Q R

factorization of an

n \times m

matrix

A

and an

n \times p

matrix

B

A = Q R, B = Q T Z,

where

Q

is an

n \times n

orthogonal matrix,

Z

is a

p \times p

orthogonal matrix and

R

and

T

are of the form

R = {\begin{matrix} \begin{array}{rc} m \\ m & R_{11} \\ n - m & 0 \\ ( & ) \end{array},   if ​ n \geq m; \\ \begin{array}{rc} n & m - n \\ n & R_{11} & R_{12} \\ ( & ) \end{array},   if ​ n < m, \end{matrix}

with

R_{11}

upper triangular,

T = {\begin{matrix} \begin{array}{rc} p - n & n \\ n & 0 & T_{12} \\ ( & ) \end{array},   if ​ n \leq p, \\ \begin{array}{rc} p \\ n - p & T_{11} \\ p & T_{21} \\ ( & ) \end{array},   if ​ n > p, \end{matrix}

with

T_{12}

T_{21}

upper triangular.

In particular, if

B

is square and nonsingular, the generalized

Q R

factorization of

A

and

B

implicitly gives the

Q R

factorization of

B^{- 1} A

B^{- 1} A = Z^{T} (T^{- 1} R) .

4 References

Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia https://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug

Anderson E, Bai Z and Dongarra J (1992) Generalized

Q R

factorization and its applications Linear Algebra Appl. (Volume 162–164) 243–271

Hammarling S (1987) The numerical solution of the general Gauss-Markov linear model Mathematics in Signal Processing (eds T S Durrani, J B Abbiss, J E Hudson, R N Madan, J G McWhirter and T A Moore) 441–456 Oxford University Press

Paige C C (1990) Some aspects of generalized

Q R

factorizations . In Reliable Numerical Computation (eds M G Cox and S Hammarling) 73–91 Oxford University Press

5 Arguments

1: $n$ – Integer Input: On entry: $n$ , the number of rows of the matrices $A$ and $B$ .

Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
2: $m$ – Integer Input: On entry: $m$ , the number of columns of the matrix $A$ .

Constraint: $m \geq 0$ .
3: $p$ – Integer Input: On entry: $p$ , the number of columns of the matrix $B$ .

Constraint: $p \geq 0$ .
4: $a (lda, *)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output: Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least $\max (1, m)$ .

On entry: the $n \times m$ matrix $A$ .

On exit: the elements on and above the diagonal of the array contain the $\min (n, m) \times m$ upper trapezoidal matrix $R$ ( $R$ is upper triangular if $n \geq m$ ); the elements below the diagonal, with the array taua, represent the orthogonal matrix $Q$ as a product of $\min (n, m)$ elementary reflectors (see Section 3.3.6 in the F08 Chapter Introduction).
5: $lda$ – Integer Input: On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f08zef is called.

Constraint: $lda \geq \max (1, n)$ .
6: $taua (\min (n, m))$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output: On exit: the scalar factors of the elementary reflectors which represent the orthogonal matrix $Q$ .
7: $b (ldb, *)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output: Note: the second dimension of the array b must be at least $\max (1, p)$ .

On entry: the $n \times p$ matrix $B$ .

On exit: if $n \leq p$ , the upper triangle of the subarray $b (1 : n, p - n + 1 : p)$ contains the $n \times n$ upper triangular matrix $T_{12}$ .
If $n > p$ , the elements on and above the $(n - p)$ th subdiagonal contain the $n \times p$ upper trapezoidal matrix $T$ ; the remaining elements, with the array taub, represent the orthogonal matrix $Z$ as a product of elementary reflectors (see Section 3.3.6 in the F08 Chapter Introduction).
8: $ldb$ – Integer Input: On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which f08zef is called.

Constraint: $ldb \geq \max (1, n)$ .
9: $taub (\min (n, p))$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output: On exit: the scalar factors of the elementary reflectors which represent the orthogonal matrix $Z$ .
10: $work (\max (1, lwork))$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace: On exit: if $info = 0$ , $work (1)$ contains the minimum value of lwork required for optimal performance.
11: $lwork$ – Integer Input: On entry: the dimension of the array work as declared in the (sub)program from which f08zef is called.
If $lwork = −1$ , a workspace query is assumed; the routine only calculates the optimal size of the work array, returns this value as the first entry of the work array, and no error message related to lwork is issued.

Suggested value: for optimal performance, $lwork \geq \max (n, m, p) \times \max (nb1, nb2, nb3)$ , where $nb1$ is the optimal block size for the $Q R$ factorization of an $n \times m$ matrix, $nb2$ is the optimal block size for the $R Q$ factorization of an $n \times p$ matrix, and $nb3$ is the optimal block size for a call of f08agf.

Constraint: $lwork \geq \max (1, n, m, p)$ or $lwork = −1$ .
12: $info$ – Integer Output: On exit: $info = 0$ unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

$info < 0$: If $info = - i$ , argument $i$ had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.

7 Accuracy

The computed generalized

Q R

factorization is the exact factorization for nearby matrices

(A + E)

and

(B + F)

, where

{‖ E ‖}_{2} = O ε {‖ A ‖}_{2} and {‖ F ‖}_{2} = O ε {‖ B ‖}_{2},

and

ε

is the machine precision.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.

f08zef is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f08zef makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The orthogonal matrices

Q

and

Z

may be formed explicitly by calls to f08aff and f08cjf respectively. f08agf may be used to multiply

Q

by another matrix and f08ckf may be used to multiply

Z

by another matrix.

The complex analogue of this routine is f08zsf.

10 Example

This example solves the general Gauss–Markov linear model problem

\min_{x} {‖ y ‖}_{2} subject to d = A x + B y

where

A = (\begin{array}{r} - 0.57 & - 1.28 & - 0.39 \\ - 1.93 & 1.08 & - 0.31 \\ 2.30 & 0.24 & - 0.40 \\ - 0.02 & 1.03 & - 1.43 \end{array}), B = (\begin{array}{r} 0.5 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1.0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 2.0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 5.0 \end{array}) and d = (\begin{array}{r} 1.32 \\ - 4.00 \\ 5.52 \\ 3.24 \end{array}) .

The solution is obtained by first computing a generalized

Q R

factorization of the matrix pair

(A, B)

. The example illustrates the general solution process, although the above data corresponds to a simple weighted least squares problem.

Note that the block size (NB) of

64

assumed in this example is not realistic for such a small problem, but should be suitable for large problems.

f08ze: FL CL CPP AD PY MB

NAG FL Interfacef08zef (dggqrf)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
f08zef (dggqrf)