The function may be called by the names: g04dbc, nag_anova_confidence or nag_anova_confid_interval.
3Description
In the computation of analysis of a designed experiment the first stage is to compute the basic analysis of variance table, the estimate of the error variance (the residual or error mean square), , the residual degrees of freedom, , and the (variance ratio) -statistic for the treatments. The second stage of the analysis is to compare the treatment means. If the treatments have no structure, for example the treatments are different varieties, rather than being structured, for example a set of different temperatures, then a multiple comparison procedure can be used.
A multiple comparison procedure looks at all possible pairs of means and either computes confidence intervals for the difference in means or performs a suitable test on the difference. If there are treatments then there are comparisons to be considered. In tests the type 1 error or significance level is the probability that the result is considered to be significant when there is no difference in the means. If the usual -test is used with, say, a five percent significance level then the type 1 error for all tests will be much higher. If the tests were independent then if each test is carried out at the percent level then the overall type 1 error would be . In order to provide an overall protection the individual tests, or confidence intervals, would have to be carried out at a value of such that is the required significance level, e.g., five percent.
The percent confidence interval for the difference in two treatment means, and is given by
where denotes the standard error of the difference in means and is an appropriate percentage point from a distribution. There are several possible choices for . These are:
(a), the studentized range statistic. It is the appropriate statistic to compare the largest mean with the smallest mean. This is known as Tukey–Kramer method.
(b), this is the Bonferroni method.
(c), where , this is known as the Dunn–Sidak method.
(d), this is known as Fisher's LSD (least significant difference) method. It should only be used if the overall -test is significant, the number of treatment comparisons is small and were planned before the analysis.
(e) where is the deviate corresponding to a lower tail probability of from an -distribution with and degrees of freedom. This is Scheffe's method.
In cases (b), (c) and (d), denotes the two-tail significance level for the Student's -distribution with degrees of freedom, see g01fbc.
The Scheffe method is the most conservative, followed closely by the Dunn–Sidak and Tukey–Kramer methods.
To compute a test for the difference between two means the statistic,
is compared with the appropriate value of .
4References
Kotz S and Johnson N L (ed.) (1985a) Multiple range and associated test procedures Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences5 Wiley, New York
Kotz S and Johnson N L (ed.) (1985b) Multiple comparison Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences5 Wiley, New York
Winer B J (1970) Statistical Principles in Experimental Design McGraw–Hill
5Arguments
1: – Nag_IntervalTypeInput
On entry: indicates which method is to be used.
The Tukey–Kramer method is used.
The Bonferroni method is used.
The Dunn–Sidak method is used.
The Fisher LSD method is used.
The Scheffe's method is used.
Constraint:
, , , or .
2: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of treatment means, .
Constraint:
.
3: – const doubleInput
On entry: contains the treatment means, , .
4: – doubleInput
On entry: the residual degrees of freedom, .
Constraint:
.
5: – const doubleInput
On entry: the strictly lower triangular part of c must contain the standard errors of the differences between the means as returned by g04bbc and g04bcc. That is , , contains the standard error of the difference between the th and th mean in tmean.
Constraint:
, for and .
6: – IntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating matrix column elements in the array c.
Constraint:
.
7: – doubleInput
On entry: the required confidence level for the computed intervals, .
Constraint:
.
8: – doubleOutput
On exit: contains the lower limit to the confidence interval for the difference between th and th means in tmean, for and .
9: – doubleOutput
On exit: contains the upper limit to the confidence interval for the difference between th and th means in tmean, for and .
10: – IntegerOutput
On exit: indicates if the difference between th and th means in tmean is significant, for and . If the difference is significant then the returned value is 1; otherwise the returned value is 0.
11: – NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call
and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for
assistance.
There has been a failure in the computation of the studentized range statistic. Try using a smaller value of clevel.
7Accuracy
For the accuracy of the percentage point statistics see g01fbc.
8Parallelism and Performance
Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
g04dbc is not threaded in any implementation.
9Further Comments
An alternative approach to one used in g04dbc is the sequential testing of the Student–Newman–Keuls procedure. This, in effect, uses the Tukey–Kramer method but first ordering the treatment means and examining only subsets of the treatment means in which the largest and smallest are significantly different. At each stage the third argument of the Studentized range statistic is the number of means in the subset rather than the total number of means.
10Example
In the example taken from Winer (1970) a completely randomized design with unequal treatment replication is analysed using g04bbc and then confidence intervals are computed by g04dbc using the Tukey–Kramer method.