The function may be called by the names: f08nvc, nag_lapackeig_zgebal or nag_zgebal.
3Description
f08nvc balances a complex general matrix . The term ‘balancing’ covers two steps, each of which involves a similarity transformation of . The function can perform either or both of these steps.
1.The function first attempts to permute to block upper triangular form by a similarity transformation:
where is a permutation matrix, and and are upper triangular. Then the diagonal elements of and are eigenvalues of . The rest of the eigenvalues of are the eigenvalues of the central diagonal block , in rows and columns to . Subsequent operations to compute the eigenvalues of (or its Schur factorization) need only be applied to these rows and columns; this can save a significant amount of work if and . If no suitable permutation exists (as is often the case), the function sets and , and is the whole of .
2.The function applies a diagonal similarity transformation to , to make the rows and columns of as close in norm as possible:
This scaling can reduce the norm of the matrix (i.e., ) and hence reduce the effect of rounding errors on the accuracy of computed eigenvalues and eigenvectors.
4References
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
5Arguments
1: – Nag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by . See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint:
or .
2: – Nag_JobTypeInput
On entry: indicates whether is to be permuted and/or scaled (or neither).
is neither permuted nor scaled (but values are assigned to ilo, ihi and scale).
is permuted but not scaled.
is scaled but not permuted.
is both permuted and scaled.
Constraint:
, , or .
3: – IntegerInput
On entry: , the order of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
4: – ComplexInput/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array a
must be at least
.
where appears in this document, it refers to the array element
when ;
when .
On entry: the matrix .
On exit: a is overwritten by the balanced matrix. If , a is not referenced.
5: – IntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array a.
Constraint:
.
6: – Integer *Output
7: – Integer *Output
On exit: the values and such that on exit is zero if and or .
If or , and .
8: – doubleOutput
On exit: details of the permutations and scaling factors applied to . More precisely, if is the index of the row and column interchanged with row and column and is the scaling factor used to balance row and column then
The order in which the interchanges are made is to then to .
9: – NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
6Error Indicators and Warnings
NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, . Constraint: .
NE_INT_2
On entry, and .
Constraint: .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
7Accuracy
The errors are negligible, compared with those in subsequent computations.
8Parallelism and Performance
Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
f08nvc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
9Further Comments
If the matrix is balanced by f08nvc, then any eigenvectors computed subsequently are eigenvectors of the matrix (see Section 3) and hence f08nwcmust then be called to transform them back to eigenvectors of .
If the Schur vectors of are required, then this function must not be called with or , because then the balancing transformation is not unitary. If this function is called with , then any Schur vectors computed subsequently are Schur vectors of the matrix , and f08nwcmust be called (with
)
to transform them back to Schur vectors of .
The total number of real floating-point operations is approximately proportional to .
This example computes all the eigenvalues and right eigenvectors of the matrix , where
The program first calls f08nvc to balance the matrix; it then computes the Schur factorization of the balanced matrix, by reduction to Hessenberg form and the algorithm. Then it calls f08qxc to compute the right eigenvectors of the balanced matrix, and finally calls f08nwc to transform the eigenvectors back to eigenvectors of the original matrix .