f04bbc computes the solution to a real system of linear equations , where is an band matrix, with subdiagonals and superdiagonals, and and are matrices. An estimate of the condition number of and an error bound for the computed solution are also returned.
The function may be called by the names: f04bbc, nag_linsys_real_band_solve or nag_real_band_lin_solve.
3Description
The decomposition with partial pivoting and row interchanges is used to factor as , where is a permutation matrix, is the product of permutation matrices and unit lower triangular matrices with subdiagonals, and is upper triangular with superdiagonals. The factored form of is then used to solve the system of equations .
4References
Anderson E, Bai Z, Bischof C, Blackford S, Demmel J, Dongarra J J, Du Croz J J, Greenbaum A, Hammarling S, McKenney A and Sorensen D (1999) LAPACK Users' Guide (3rd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia https://www.netlib.org/lapack/lug
Higham N J (2002) Accuracy and Stability of Numerical Algorithms (2nd Edition) SIAM, Philadelphia
5Arguments
1: – Nag_OrderTypeInput
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by . See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint:
or .
2: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of linear equations , i.e., the order of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
3: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of subdiagonals , within the band of .
Constraint:
.
4: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of superdiagonals , within the band of .
Constraint:
.
5: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of right-hand sides , i.e., the number of columns of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
6: – doubleInput/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ab
must be at least
.
On entry: the matrix .
This is stored as a notional two-dimensional array with row elements or column elements stored contiguously. The storage of elements , for row and column , depends on the order argument as follows:
On exit: ab is overwritten by details of the factorization.
The elements, , of the upper triangular band factor with super-diagonals, and the multipliers, , used to form the lower triangular factor are stored. The elements , for and , and , for and , are stored where is stored on entry.
7: – IntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) of the matrix in the array
ab.
Constraint:
.
8: – IntegerOutput
On exit: if NE_NOERROR, the pivot indices that define the permutation matrix ; at the th step row of the matrix was interchanged with row . indicates a row interchange was not required.
9: – doubleInput/Output
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array b
must be at least
when
;
when
.
The th element of the matrix is stored in
when ;
when .
On entry: the matrix of right-hand sides .
On exit: if NE_NOERROR or NE_RCOND, the solution matrix .
10: – IntegerInput
On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array b.
Constraints:
if ,
;
if , .
11: – double *Output
On exit: if no constraints are violated, an estimate of the reciprocal of the condition number of the matrix , computed as .
12: – double *Output
On exit: if NE_NOERROR or NE_RCOND, an estimate of the forward error bound for a computed solution , such that , where is a column of the computed solution returned in the array b and is the corresponding column of the exact solution . If rcond is less than machine precision, errbnd is returned as unity.
13: – NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
6Error Indicators and Warnings
NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
The Integer allocatable memory required is n, and the double allocatable memory required is . In this case the factorization and the solution have been computed, but rcond and errbnd have not been computed. See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, . Constraint: .
On entry, . Constraint: .
NE_INT_2
On entry, and .
Constraint: .
On entry, and .
Constraint: .
NE_INT_3
On entry, , and .
Constraint: .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_RCOND
A solution has been computed, but rcond is less than machine precision so that the matrix is numerically singular.
NE_SINGULAR
Diagonal element of the upper triangular factor is zero. The factorization has been completed, but the solution could not be computed.
7Accuracy
The computed solution for a single right-hand side, , satisfies an equation of the form
where
and is the machine precision. An approximate error bound for the computed solution is given by
where , the condition number of with respect to the solution of the linear equations. f04bbc uses the approximation to estimate errbnd. See Section 4.4 of Anderson et al. (1999)
for further details.
8Parallelism and Performance
Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
f04bbc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
f04bbc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
9Further Comments
The band storage scheme for the array ab stored in Nag_ColMajor is illustrated by the following example, when
, , and .
Storage of the band matrix in the array ab:
Array elements marked need not be set and are not referenced by the function. Array elements marked + need not be set, but are defined on exit from the function and contain the elements
,
,
,
and
. In this example when the first referenced element of ab is ; while for the first referenced element is .
In general, elements are stored as follows:
if , are stored in
if , are stored in
where .
The total number of floating-point operations required to solve the equations depends upon the pivoting required, but if then it is approximately bounded by for the factorization and for the solution following the factorization. The condition number estimation typically requires between four and five solves and never more than eleven solves, following the factorization.
In practice the condition number estimator is very reliable, but it can underestimate the true condition number; see Section 15.3 of Higham (2002) for further details.