d03psc integrates a system of linear or nonlinear convection-diffusion equations in one space dimension, with optional source terms and scope for coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The system must be posed in conservative form. This function also includes the option of automatic adaptive spatial remeshing. Convection terms are discretized using a sophisticated upwind scheme involving a user-supplied numerical flux function based on the solution of a Riemann problem at each mesh point. The method of lines is employed to reduce the partial differential equations (PDEs) to a system of ODEs, and the resulting system is solved using a backward differentiation formula (BDF) method or a Theta method.
The function may be called by the names: d03psc, nag_pde_dim1_parab_convdiff_remesh or nag_pde_parab_1d_cd_ode_remesh.
3Description
d03psc integrates the system of convection-diffusion equations in conservative form:
(1)
or the hyperbolic convection-only system:
(2)
for , , , where the vector is the set of PDE solution values
The optional coupled ODEs are of the general form
(3)
where the vector is the set of ODE solution values
denotes its derivative with respect to time, and is the spatial derivative of .
In (2), ,
and depend on , , and ; depends on , , , and ; and depends on , , , and linearly on . Note that , , and must not depend on any space derivatives, and , , and must not depend on any time derivatives. In terms of conservation laws, , and are the convective flux, diffusion and source terms respectively.
In (3), represents a vector of spatial coupling points at which the ODEs are coupled to the PDEs. These points may or may not be equal to PDE spatial mesh points. , and are the functions , and evaluated at these coupling points. Each may depend only linearly on time derivatives. Hence (3) may be written more precisely as
(4)
where , is a vector of length nv, is an nv by nv matrix, is an nv by matrix and the entries in , and may depend on , , , and . In practice you only need to supply a vector of information to define the ODEs and not the matrices , and . (See Section 5 for the specification of odedef.)
The integration in time is from to , over the space interval , where and are the leftmost and rightmost points of a user-defined mesh defined initially by you and (possibly) adapted automatically during the integration according to user-specified criteria.
The initial values of the functions and must be specified in uvinit. Note that uvinit will be called again following any initial remeshing, and so should be specified for all values of in the interval , and not just the initial mesh points.
The PDEs are approximated by a system of ODEs in time for the values of at mesh points using a spatial discretization method similar to the central-difference scheme used in d03pcc,d03phcandd03ppc, but with the flux replaced by a numerical flux, which is a representation of the flux taking into account the direction of the flow of information at that point (i.e., the direction of the characteristics). Simple central differencing of the numerical flux then becomes a sophisticated upwind scheme in which the correct direction of upwinding is automatically achieved.
The numerical flux, say, must be calculated by you in terms of the left and right values of the solution vector (denoted by and respectively), at each mid-point of the mesh , for . The left and right values are calculated by d03psc from two adjacent mesh points using a standard upwind technique combined with a Van Leer slope-limiter (see LeVeque (1990)). The physically correct value for is derived from the solution of the Riemann problem given by
(5)
where , i.e., corresponds to , with discontinuous initial values for and for , using an approximate Riemann solver. This applies for either of the systems (1) or (2); the numerical flux is independent of the functions , , and . A description of several approximate Riemann solvers can be found in LeVeque (1990) and Berzins et al. (1989). Roe's scheme (see Roe (1981)) is perhaps the easiest to understand and use, and a brief summary follows. Consider the system of PDEs or equivalently . Provided the system is linear in , i.e., the Jacobian matrix does not depend on , the numerical flux is given by
(6)
where () is the flux calculated at the left (right) value of , denoted by (); the are the eigenvalues of ; the are the right eigenvectors of ; and the are defined by
(7)
Examples are given in the documents for d03pfcandd03plc.
If the system is nonlinear, Roe's scheme requires that a linearized Jacobian is found (see Roe (1981)).
The functions , , and (but not
) must be specified in pdedef. The numerical flux must be supplied in numflx. For problems in the form (2),
NULL
may be used for pdedef.
In this case, a default function
sets the matrix with entries to the identity matrix, and the functions , and to zero.
For second-order problems, i.e., diffusion terms are present, a boundary condition is required for each PDE at both boundaries for the problem to be well-posed. If there are no diffusion terms present, then the continuous PDE problem generally requires exactly one boundary condition for each PDE, that is npde boundary conditions in total. However, in common with most discretization schemes for first-order problems, a numerical boundary condition is required at the other boundary for each PDE. In order to be consistent with the characteristic directions of the PDE system, the numerical boundary conditions must be derived from the solution inside the domain in some manner (see below). You must supply both types of boundary conditions, i.e., a total of npde conditions at each boundary point.
The position of each boundary condition should be chosen with care. In simple terms, if information is flowing into the domain then a physical boundary condition is required at that boundary, and a numerical boundary condition is required at the other boundary. In many cases the boundary conditions are simple, e.g., for the linear advection equation. In general you should calculate the characteristics of the PDE system and specify a physical boundary condition for each of the characteristic variables associated with incoming characteristics, and a numerical boundary condition for each outgoing characteristic.
A common way of providing numerical boundary conditions is to extrapolate the characteristic variables from the inside of the domain (note that when using banded matrix algebra the fixed bandwidth means that only linear extrapolation is allowed, i.e., using information at just two interior points adjacent to the boundary). For problems in which the solution is known to be uniform (in space) towards a boundary during the period of integration then extrapolation is unnecessary; the numerical boundary condition can be supplied as the known solution at the boundary. Another method of supplying numerical boundary conditions involves the solution of the characteristic equations associated with the outgoing characteristics. Examples of both methods can be found in the documents for d03pfcandd03plc.
The boundary conditions must be specified in bndary in the form
(8)
at the left-hand boundary, and
(9)
at the right-hand boundary.
Note that spatial derivatives at the boundary are not passed explicitly to bndary, but they can be calculated using values of at and adjacent to the boundaries if required. However, it should be noted that instabilities may occur if such one-sided differencing opposes the characteristic direction at the boundary.
The algebraic-differential equation system which is defined by the functions must be specified in odedef. You must also specify the coupling points (if any) in the array xi.
In total there are ODEs in the time direction. This system is then integrated forwards in time using a BDF or Theta method, optionally switching between Newton's method and functional iteration (see Berzins et al. (1989) and the references therein).
The adaptive space remeshing can be used to generate meshes that automatically follow the changing time-dependent nature of the solution, generally resulting in a more efficient and accurate solution using fewer mesh points than may be necessary with a fixed uniform or non-uniform mesh. Problems with travelling wavefronts or variable-width boundary layers for example will benefit from using a moving adaptive mesh. The discrete time-step method used here (developed by Furzeland (1984)) automatically creates a new mesh based on the current solution profile at certain time-steps, and the solution is then interpolated onto the new mesh and the integration continues.
The method requires you to supply a monitf which specifies in an analytical or numerical form the particular aspect of the solution behaviour you wish to track. This so-called monitor function is used by the function to choose a mesh which equally distributes the integral of the monitor function over the domain. A typical choice of monitor function is the second space derivative of the solution value at each point (or some combination of the second space derivatives if there is more than one solution component), which results in refinement in regions where the solution gradient is changing most rapidly.
You must specify the frequency of mesh updates together with certain other criteria such as adjacent mesh ratios. Remeshing can be expensive and you are encouraged to experiment with the different options in order to achieve an efficient solution which adequately tracks the desired features of the solution.
Note that unless the monitor function for the initial solution values is zero at all user-specified initial mesh points, a new initial mesh is calculated and adopted according to the user-specified remeshing criteria. uvinit will then be called again to determine the initial solution values at the new mesh points (there is no interpolation at this stage) and the integration proceeds.
The problem is subject to the following restrictions:
(i)In (1), , for , may only appear linearly in the functions
, for , with a similar restriction for and ;
(ii), , and must not depend on any space derivatives; and , , and must not depend on any time derivatives;
(iii), so that integration is in the forward direction;
(iv)The evaluation of the terms , , and is done by calling the pdedef at a point approximately midway between each pair of mesh points in turn. Any discontinuities in these functions must, therefore, be at one or more of the fixed mesh points specified by xfix;
(v)At least one of the functions must be nonzero so that there is a time derivative present in the PDE problem.
Berzins M, Dew P M and Furzeland R M (1989) Developing software for time-dependent problems using the method of lines and differential-algebraic integrators Appl. Numer. Math.5 375–397
Furzeland R M (1984) The construction of adaptive space meshes TNER.85.022 Thornton Research Centre, Chester
Hirsch C (1990) Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows, Volume 2: Computational Methods for Inviscid and Viscous Flows John Wiley
LeVeque R J (1990) Numerical Methods for Conservation Laws Birkhäuser Verlag
Pennington S V and Berzins M (1994) New NAG Library software for first-order partial differential equations ACM Trans. Math. Softw.20 63–99
Roe P L (1981) Approximate Riemann solvers, parameter vectors, and difference schemes J. Comput. Phys.43 357–372
5Arguments
1: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of PDEs to be solved.
Constraint:
.
2: – double *Input/Output
On entry: the initial value of the independent variable .
On exit: the value of corresponding to the solution values in u. Normally .
Constraint:
.
3: – doubleInput
On entry: the final value of to which the integration is to be carried out.
4: – function, supplied by the userExternal Function
pdedef must evaluate the functions , , and which partially define the system of PDEs. and may depend on , , and ; may depend on , , , and ; and may depend on , , , and linearly on . pdedef is called approximately midway between each pair of mesh points in turn by d03psc. The argument may be specified as NULL for problems in the form (2).
On entry: the current value of the independent variable .
3: – doubleInput
On entry: the current value of the space variable .
4: – const doubleInput
On entry: contains the value of the component , for .
5: – const doubleInput
On entry: contains the value of the component , for .
6: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of coupled ODEs in the system.
7: – const doubleInput
On entry: if , contains the value of the component , for .
8: – const doubleInput
On entry: if , contains the value of component , for .
Note:
, for , may only appear linearly in
, for .
9: – doubleOutput
Note: the th element of the matrix is stored in .
On exit: must be set to the value of , for and .
10: – doubleOutput
On exit: must be set to the value of , for .
11: – doubleOutput
On exit: must be set to the value of , for .
12: – doubleOutput
On exit: must be set to the value of , for .
13: – Integer *Input/Output
On entry: set to or .
On exit: should usually remain unchanged. However, you may set ires to force the integration function to take certain actions as described below:
Indicates to the integrator that control should be passed back immediately to the calling function with the error indicator set to NE_USER_STOP.
Indicates to the integrator that the current time step should be abandoned and a smaller time step used instead. You may wish to set when a physically meaningless input or output value has been generated. If you consecutively set , d03psc returns to the calling function with the error indicator set to NE_FAILED_DERIV.
14: – Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to pdedef.
user – double *
iuser – Integer *
p – Pointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling d03psc you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by pdedef when called from d03psc (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
Note:pdedef should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d03psc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d03psc is likely to produce unexpected results.
5: – function, supplied by the userExternal Function
numflx must supply the numerical flux for each PDE given the left and right values of the solution vector . numflx is called approximately midway between each pair of mesh points in turn by d03psc.
On entry: the current value of the independent variable .
3: – doubleInput
On entry: the current value of the space variable .
4: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of coupled ODEs in the system.
5: – const doubleInput
On entry: if , contains the value of the component , for .
6: – const doubleInput
On entry: contains the left value of the component , for .
7: – const doubleInput
On entry: contains the right value of the component , for .
8: – doubleOutput
On exit: must be set to the numerical flux , for .
9: – Integer *Input/Output
On entry: set to or .
On exit: should usually remain unchanged. However, you may set ires to force the integration function to take certain actions as described below:
Indicates to the integrator that control should be passed back immediately to the calling function with the error indicator set to NE_USER_STOP.
Indicates to the integrator that the current time step should be abandoned and a smaller time step used instead. You may wish to set when a physically meaningless input or output value has been generated. If you consecutively set , d03psc returns to the calling function with the error indicator set to NE_FAILED_DERIV.
10: – Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to numflx.
user – double *
iuser – Integer *
p – Pointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling d03psc you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by numflx when called from d03psc (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
11: – Nag_D03_Save *Communication Structure
If numflx calls one of the approximate Riemann solvers d03puc,d03pvc,d03pwcord03pxc then saved is used to pass data concerning the computation to the solver. You should not change the components of saved.
Note:numflx should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d03psc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d03psc is likely to produce unexpected results.
6: – function, supplied by the userExternal Function
bndary must evaluate the functions and which describe the physical and numerical boundary conditions, as given by (8) and (9).
On entry: the number of mesh points in the interval .
3: – doubleInput
On entry: the current value of the independent variable .
4: – const doubleInput
On entry: the mesh points in the spatial direction. corresponds to the left-hand boundary, , and corresponds to the right-hand boundary, .
5: – const doubleInput
Note: the th element of the matrix is stored in .
On entry: contains the value of the component at , for and .
Note: if banded matrix algebra is to be used then the functions and may depend on the value of at the boundary point and the two adjacent points only.
6: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of coupled ODEs in the system.
7: – const doubleInput
On entry: if , contains the value of the component , for .
8: – const doubleInput
On entry: if , contains the value of component , for .
Note:
, for , may only appear linearly in
and , for .
9: – IntegerInput
On entry: specifies which boundary conditions are to be evaluated.
bndary must evaluate the left-hand boundary condition at .
bndary must evaluate the right-hand boundary condition at .
10: – doubleOutput
On exit: must contain the th component of either or in (8) and (9), depending on the value of ibnd, for .
11: – Integer *Input/Output
On entry: set to or .
On exit: should usually remain unchanged. However, you may set ires to force the integration function to take certain actions as described below:
Indicates to the integrator that control should be passed back immediately to the calling function with the error indicator set to NE_USER_STOP.
Indicates to the integrator that the current time step should be abandoned and a smaller time step used instead. You may wish to set when a physically meaningless input or output value has been generated. If you consecutively set , d03psc returns to the calling function with the error indicator set to NE_FAILED_DERIV.
12: – Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to bndary.
user – double *
iuser – Integer *
p – Pointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling d03psc you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by bndary when called from d03psc (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
Note:bndary should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d03psc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d03psc is likely to produce unexpected results.
7: – function, supplied by the userExternal Function
uvinit must supply the initial values of and for all values of in the interval .
On entry: the number of mesh points in the interval [].
3: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of ODE/PDE coupling points.
4: – const doubleInput
On entry: the current mesh. contains the value of , for .
5: – const doubleInput
On entry: if , contains the ODE/PDE coupling point, , for .
6: – doubleOutput
Note: the th element of the matrix is stored in .
On exit: contains the value of the component , for and .
7: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of coupled ODEs in the system.
8: – doubleOutput
On exit: if , must contain the value of component , for .
9: – Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to uvinit.
user – double *
iuser – Integer *
p – Pointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling d03psc you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by uvinit when called from d03psc (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
Note:uvinit should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d03psc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d03psc is likely to produce unexpected results.
8: – doubleInput/Output
On entry: if the value of u must be unchanged from the previous call.
On exit: the computed solution
, for and , and
, for , evaluated at , as follows:
contain , for and , and
contain , for .
9: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of mesh points in the interval .
Constraint:
.
10: – doubleInput/Output
On entry: the mesh points in the space direction. must specify the left-hand boundary, , and must specify the right-hand boundary, .
Constraint:
.
On exit: the final values of the mesh points.
11: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of coupled ODE components.
Constraint:
.
12: – function, supplied by the userExternal Function
odedef must evaluate the functions , which define the system of ODEs, as given in (4).
odedef will never be called and the NAG defined null void function pointer, NULLFN, can be supplied in the call to d03psc.
On exit: should usually remain unchanged. However, you may reset ires to force the integration function to take certain actions, as described below:
Indicates to the integrator that control should be passed back immediately to the calling function with the error indicator set to NE_USER_STOP.
Indicates to the integrator that the current time step should be abandoned and a smaller time step used instead. You may wish to set when a physically meaningless input or output value has been generated. If you consecutively set , d03psc returns to the calling function with the error indicator set to NE_FAILED_DERIV.
13: – Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to odedef.
user – double *
iuser – Integer *
p – Pointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling d03psc you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by odedef when called from d03psc (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
Note:odedef should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d03psc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d03psc is likely to produce unexpected results.
13: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of ODE/PDE coupling points.
Constraints:
if , ;
if , .
14: – const doubleInput
On entry: if , , for , must be set to the ODE/PDE coupling points.
Constraint:
.
15: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of ODEs in the time direction.
Constraint:
.
16: – const doubleInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array rtol
must be at least
when or ;
when or .
On entry: the relative local error tolerance.
Constraint:
for all relevant .
17: – const doubleInput
Note: the dimension, dim, of the array atol
must be at least
when or ;
when or .
On entry: the absolute local error tolerance.
Constraint:
for all relevant .
Note: corresponding elements of rtol and atol cannot both be .
18: – IntegerInput
On entry: a value to indicate the form of the local error test.
If is the estimated local error for , for , and , denotes the norm, the error test to be satisfied is . itol indicates to d03psc whether to interpret either or both of rtol and atol as a vector or scalar in the formation of the weights used in the calculation of the norm (see the description of norm):
If denotes the norm of the vector u of length neqn, then for the averaged norm
and for the averaged norm
See the description of itol for the formulation of the weight vector .
Constraint:
or .
20: – Nag_LinAlgOptionInput
On entry: the type of matrix algebra required.
Full matrix methods to be used.
Banded matrix methods to be used.
Sparse matrix methods to be used.
Constraint:
, or .
Note: you are recommended to use the banded option when no coupled ODEs are present (). Also, the banded option should not be used if the boundary conditions involve solution components at points other than the boundary and the immediately adjacent two points.
21: – const doubleInput
On entry: may be set to control various options available in the integrator. If you wish to employ all the default options, should be set to . Default values will also be used for any other elements of algopt set to zero. The permissible values, default values, and meanings are as follows:
Selects the ODE integration method to be used. If , a BDF method is used and if , a Theta method is used. The default is .
If , then
, for , are not used.
Specifies the maximum order of the BDF integration formula to be used. may be , , , or . The default value is .
Specifies what method is to be used to solve the system of nonlinear equations arising on each step of the BDF method. If a modified Newton iteration is used and if a functional iteration method is used. If functional iteration is selected and the integrator encounters difficulty, there is an automatic switch to the modified Newton iteration. The default value is .
Specifies whether or not the Petzold error test is to be employed. The Petzold error test results in extra overhead but is more suitable when algebraic equations are present, such as
, for , for some or when there is no dependence in the coupled ODE system. If , the Petzold test is used. If , the Petzold test is not used. The default value is .
If ,
, for , are not used.
Specifies the value of Theta to be used in the Theta integration method. . The default value is .
Specifies what method is to be used to solve the system of nonlinear equations arising on each step of the Theta method. If , a modified Newton iteration is used and if , a functional iteration method is used. The default value is .
Specifies whether or not the integrator is allowed to switch automatically between modified Newton and functional iteration methods in order to be more efficient. If , switching is allowed and if , switching is not allowed. The default value is .
Specifies a point in the time direction, , beyond which integration must not be attempted. The use of is described under the argument itask. If , a value of for , say, should be specified even if itask subsequently specifies that will not be used.
Specifies the minimum absolute step size to be allowed in the time integration. If this option is not required, should be set to .
Specifies the maximum absolute step size to be allowed in the time integration. If this option is not required, should be set to .
Specifies the initial step size to be attempted by the integrator. If , the initial step size is calculated internally.
Specifies the maximum number of steps to be attempted by the integrator in any one call. If , no limit is imposed.
Specifies what method is to be used to solve the nonlinear equations at the initial point to initialize the values of , , and . If , a modified Newton iteration is used and if , functional iteration is used. The default value is .
and are used only for the sparse matrix algebra option, i.e., .
Governs the choice of pivots during the decomposition of the first Jacobian matrix. It should lie in the range , with smaller values biasing the algorithm towards maintaining sparsity at the expense of numerical stability. If lies outside the range then the default value is used. If the functions regard the Jacobian matrix as numerically singular, increasing towards may help, but at the cost of increased fill-in. The default value is .
Used as the relative pivot threshold during subsequent Jacobian decompositions (see ) below which an internal error is invoked. must be greater than zero, otherwise the default value is used. If is greater than no check is made on the pivot size, and this may be a necessary option if the Jacobian matrix is found to be numerically singular (see ). The default value is .
22: – Nag_BooleanInput
On entry: indicates whether or not spatial remeshing should be performed.
Indicates that spatial remeshing should be performed as specified.
Indicates that spatial remeshing should be suppressed.
Note:remesh should not be changed between consecutive calls to d03psc. Remeshing can be switched off or on at specified times by using appropriate values for the arguments nrmesh and trmesh at each call.
23: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of fixed mesh points.
Constraint:
.
Note: the end points and are fixed automatically and hence should not be specified as fixed points.
24: – const doubleInput
On entry: , for , must contain the value of the coordinate at the th fixed mesh point.
Constraints:
, for ;
each fixed mesh point must coincide with a user-supplied initial mesh point, that is for some , ..
Note: the positions of the fixed mesh points in the array remain fixed during remeshing, and so the number of mesh points between adjacent fixed points (or between fixed points and end points) does not change. You should take this into account when choosing the initial mesh distribution.
25: – IntegerInput
On entry: specifies the spatial remeshing frequency and criteria for the calculation and adoption of a new mesh.
Indicates that a new mesh is adopted according to the argument dxmesh. The mesh is tested every timesteps.
Indicates that remeshing should take place just once at the end of the first time step reached when .
Indicates that remeshing will take place every nrmesh time steps, with no testing using dxmesh.
Note:nrmesh may be changed between consecutive calls to d03psc to give greater flexibility over the times of remeshing.
26: – doubleInput
On entry: determines whether a new mesh is adopted when nrmesh is set less than zero. A possible new mesh is calculated at the end of every time steps, but is adopted only if
or
dxmesh thus imposes a lower limit on the difference between one mesh and the next.
Constraint:
.
27: – doubleInput
On entry: specifies when remeshing will take place when nrmesh is set to zero. Remeshing will occur just once at the end of the first time step reached when is greater than trmesh.
Note:trmesh may be changed between consecutive calls to d03psc to force remeshing at several specified times.
28: – IntegerInput
On entry: the level of trace information regarding the adaptive remeshing.
No trace information.
Brief summary of mesh characteristics.
More detailed information, including old and new mesh points, mesh sizes and monitor function values.
Constraint:
, or .
29: – doubleInput
On entry: an input bound on the adjacent mesh ratio (greater than and typically in the range to ). The remeshing functions will attempt to ensure that
Suggested value:
.
Constraint:
.
30: – doubleInput
On entry: an input bound on the sub-integral of the monitor function over each space step. The remeshing functions will attempt to ensure that
(see Furzeland (1984)). con gives you more control over the mesh distribution, e.g., decreasing con allows more clustering. A typical value is , but you are encouraged to experiment with different values. Its value is not critical and the mesh should be qualitatively correct for all values in the range given below.
Suggested value:
.
Constraint:
.
31: – function, supplied by the userExternal Function
monitf must supply and evaluate a remesh monitor function to indicate the solution behaviour of interest.
monitf will never be called and the NAG defined null void function pointer, NULLFN, can be supplied in the call to d03psc.
On entry: the current value of the independent variable .
2: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of mesh points in the interval .
3: – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of PDEs in the system.
4: – const doubleInput
On entry: the current mesh. contains the value of , for .
5: – const doubleInput
Note: the th element of the matrix is stored in .
On entry: contains the value of at and time , for and .
6: – doubleOutput
On exit: must contain the value of the monitor function at mesh point .
Constraint:
.
7: – Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to monitf.
user – double *
iuser – Integer *
p – Pointer
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling d03psc you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by monitf when called from d03psc (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
Note:monitf should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d03psc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d03psc is likely to produce unexpected results.
If , rsave must be unchanged from the previous call to the function because it contains required information about the iteration.
33: – IntegerInput
On entry: the dimension of the array rsave.
Its size depends on the type of matrix algebra selected.
If , .
If , .
If , .
Where is the lower or upper half bandwidths such that
for PDE problems only (no coupled ODEs),
for coupled PDE/ODE problems,
Where is defined by
if ,
if ,
if ,
Where is defined by
if the BDF method is used,
if the Theta method is used,
Note: when , the value of lrsave may be too small when supplied to the integrator. An estimate of the minimum size of lrsave is printed on the current error message unit if and the function returns with NE_INT_2.
If , isave must be unchanged from the previous call to the function because it contains required information about the iteration. In particular the following components of the array isave concern the efficiency of the integration:
Contains the number of steps taken in time.
Contains the number of residual evaluations of the resulting ODE system used. One such evaluation involves evaluating the PDE functions at all the mesh points, as well as one evaluation of the functions in the boundary conditions.
Contains the number of Jacobian evaluations performed by the time integrator.
Contains the order of the BDF method last used in the time integration, if applicable. When the Theta method is used, contains no useful information.
Contains the number of Newton iterations performed by the time integrator. Each iteration involves residual evaluation of the resulting ODE system followed by a back-substitution using the decomposition of the Jacobian matrix.
35: – IntegerInput
On entry: the dimension of the array isave. Its size depends on the type of matrix algebra selected:
if , ;
if , ;
if , .
Note: when using the sparse option, the value of lisave may be too small when supplied to the integrator. An estimate of the minimum size of lisave is printed if and the function returns with NE_INT_2.
36: – IntegerInput
On entry: the task to be performed by the ODE integrator.
Normal computation of output values u at (by overshooting and interpolating).
Take one step in the time direction and return.
Stop at first internal integration point at or beyond .
Normal computation of output values u at but without overshooting where is described under the argument algopt.
Take one step in the time direction and return, without passing , where is described under the argument algopt.
Constraint:
, , , or .
37: – IntegerInput
On entry: the level of trace information required from d03psc and the underlying ODE solver. itrace may take the value , , , or .
No output is generated.
Only warning messages from the PDE solver are printed.
Output from the underlying ODE solver is printed. This output contains details of Jacobian entries, the nonlinear iteration and the time integration during the computation of the ODE system.
If , is assumed and similarly if , is assumed.
The advisory messages are given in greater detail as itrace increases.
38: – const char *Input
On entry: the name of a file to which diagnostic output will be directed. If outfile is NULL the diagnostic output will be directed to standard output.
39: – Integer *Input/Output
On entry: indicates whether this is a continuation call or a new integration.
Starts or restarts the integration in time.
Continues the integration after an earlier exit from the function. In this case, only the arguments tout, fail, nrmesh and trmesh may be reset between calls to d03psc.
Constraint:
or .
On exit: .
40: – Nag_Comm *
The NAG communication argument (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
41: – Nag_D03_Save *Communication Structure
saved must remain unchanged following a previous call to a Chapter D03 function and prior to any subsequent call to a Chapter D03 function.
42: – NagError *Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
6Error Indicators and Warnings
NE_ACC_IN_DOUBT
Integration completed, but small changes in atol or rtol are unlikely to result in a changed solution.
The required task has been completed, but it is estimated that a small change in atol and rtol is unlikely to produce any change in the computed solution. (Only applies when you are not operating in one step mode, that is when or .)
NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_MONIT
fmon is negative at one or more mesh points, or zero mesh spacing has been obtained due to a poor monitor function.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument had an illegal value.
NE_FAILED_DERIV
In setting up the ODE system an internal auxiliary was unable to initialize the derivative. This could be due to your setting in pdedef, numflx, bndary or odedef.
NE_FAILED_START
atol and rtol were too small to start integration.
NE_FAILED_STEP
Error during Jacobian formulation for ODE system. Increase itrace for further details.
Repeated errors in an attempted step of underlying ODE solver. Integration was successful as far as ts:
.
In the underlying ODE solver, there were repeated error test failures on an attempted step, before completing the requested task, but the integration was successful as far as . The problem may have a singularity, or the error requirement may be inappropriate. Incorrect specification of boundary conditions may also result in this error.
Underlying ODE solver cannot make further progress from the point ts with the supplied values of atol and rtol.
.
NE_INCOMPAT_PARAM
On entry, ,
.
Constraint: .
On entry, ,
.
Constraint: .
On entry, the point does not coincide with any : and .
On entry, on initial entry .
Constraint: on initial entry .
NE_INT_2
On entry, and .
Constraint: corresponding elements and cannot both be .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, and .
Constraint: when .
On entry, and .
Constraint: when .
On entry, ,
.
Constraint: .
When using the sparse option lisave or lrsave is too small:
,
.
NE_INT_4
On entry, , , and .
Constraint: .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
Serious error in internal call to an auxiliary. Increase itrace for further details.
NE_ITER_FAIL
In solving ODE system, the maximum number of steps has been exceeded. .
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NOT_CLOSE_FILE
Cannot close file .
NE_NOT_STRICTLY_INCREASING
On entry, , and .
Constraint: .
On entry, , , and .
Constraint: .
On entry, , and .
Constraint: .
NE_NOT_WRITE_FILE
Cannot open file for writing.
NE_REAL
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
NE_REAL_2
On entry, at least one point in xi lies outside : and .
Singular Jacobian of ODE system. Check problem formulation.
NE_TIME_DERIV_DEP
The functions , , or appear to depend on time derivatives.
NE_USER_STOP
In evaluating residual of ODE system, has been set in user-supplied functions pdedef, numflx, bndary or odedef. Integration is successful as far as ts: .
NE_ZERO_WTS
Zero error weights encountered during time integration.
Some error weights became zero during the time integration (see the description of itol). Pure relative error control () was requested on a variable (the th) which has become zero. The integration was successful as far as .
7Accuracy
d03psc controls the accuracy of the integration in the time direction but not the accuracy of the approximation in space. The spatial accuracy depends on both the number of mesh points and on their distribution in space. In the time integration only the local error over a single step is controlled and so the accuracy over a number of steps cannot be guaranteed. You should, therefore, test the effect of varying the accuracy arguments, atol and rtol.
8Parallelism and Performance
Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
d03psc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
d03psc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
9Further Comments
d03psc is designed to solve systems of PDEs in conservative form, with optional source terms which are independent of space derivatives, and optional second-order diffusion terms. The use of the function to solve systems which are not naturally in this form is discouraged, and you are advised to use one of the central-difference scheme functions for such problems.
You should be aware of the stability limitations for hyperbolic PDEs. For most problems with small error tolerances the ODE integrator does not attempt unstable time steps, but in some cases a maximum time step should be imposed using . It is worth experimenting with this argument, particularly if the integration appears to progress unrealistically fast (with large time steps). Setting the maximum time step to the minimum mesh size is a safe measure, although in some cases this may be too restrictive.
Problems with source terms should be treated with caution, as it is known that for large source terms stable and reasonable looking solutions can be obtained which are in fact incorrect, exhibiting non-physical speeds of propagation of discontinuities (typically one spatial mesh point per time step). It is essential to employ a very fine mesh for problems with source terms and discontinuities, and to check for non-physical propagation speeds by comparing results for different mesh sizes. Further details and an example can be found in Pennington and Berzins (1994).
The time taken depends on the complexity of the system, the accuracy requested, and the frequency of the mesh updates. For a given system with fixed accuracy and mesh-update frequency it is approximately proportional to neqn.
10Example
For this function two examples are presented, with a main program and two example problems given in Example 1 (ex1) and Example 2 (ex2).
Example 1 (ex1)
This example is a simple model of the advection and diffusion of a cloud of material:
for and . In this example the constant wind speed and the diffusion coefficient .
The cloud does not reach the boundaries during the time of integration, and so the two (physical) boundary conditions are simply , and the initial condition is
and elsewhere, where and .
The numerical flux is simply .
The monitor function for remeshing is taken to be the absolute value of the second derivative of .
Example 2 (ex2)
This example is a linear advection equation with a nonlinear source term and discontinuous initial profile:
for and . The discontinuity is modelled by a ramp function of width and gradient , so that the exact solution at any time is
where . The initial profile is given by the exact solution. The characteristic points into the domain at and out of the domain at , and so a physical boundary condition is imposed at , with a numerical boundary condition at which can be specified as since the discontinuity does not reach during the time of integration.
The numerical flux is simply at all times.
The remeshing monitor function (described below) is chosen to create an increasingly fine mesh towards the discontinuity in order to ensure good resolution of the discontinuity, but without loss of efficiency in the surrounding regions. However, refinement must be limited so that the time step required for stability does not become unrealistically small. The region of refinement must also keep up with the discontinuity as it moves across the domain, and hence it cannot be so small that the discontinuity moves out of the refined region between remeshing.
The above requirements mean that the use of the first or second spatial derivative of for the monitor function is inappropriate; the large relative size of either derivative in the region of the discontinuity leads to extremely small mesh-spacing in a very limited region, and the solution is then far more expensive than for a very fine fixed mesh.
An alternative monitor function based on a cosine function proves very successful. It is only semi-automatic as it requires some knowledge of the solution (for problems without an exact solution an initial approximate solution can be obtained using a coarse fixed mesh). On each call to monitf the discontinuity is located by finding the maximum spatial derivative of the solution. On the first call the desired width of the region of nonzero monitor function is set (this can be changed at a later time if desired). Then on each call the monitor function is assigned using a cosine function so that it has a value of one at the discontinuity down to zero at the edges of the predetermined region of refinement, and zero outside the region. Thus the monitor function and the subsequent refinement are limited, and the region is large enough to ensure that there is always sufficient refinement at the discontinuity.