If the root of the characteristic equation for a time series is one then that series is said to have a unit root. Such series are nonstationary. g13awc returns one of three types of (augmented) Dickey–Fuller test statistic:

τ

τ_{μ}

τ_{τ}

, used to test for a unit root, a unit root with drift or a unit root with drift and a deterministic time trend, respectively.

To test whether a time series,

y_{t}

, for

t = 1, 2, \dots, n

, has a unit root, the regression model

\nabla y_{t} = β_{1} y_{t - 1} + \sum_{i = 1}^{p - 1} δ_{i} \nabla y_{t - i} + ε_{t}

is fitted and the test statistic

τ

constructed as

τ = \frac{{\hat{β}}_{1}}{σ_{11}}

where

\nabla

is the difference operator, with

\nabla y_{t} = y_{t} - y_{t - 1}

, and where

{\hat{β}}_{1}

and

σ_{11}

are the least squares estimate and associated standard error for

β_{1}

respectively.

To test for a unit root with drift the regression model

\nabla y_{t} = β_{1} y_{t - 1} + \sum_{i = 1}^{p - 1} δ_{i} \nabla y_{t - i} + α + ε_{t}

is fit and the test statistic

τ_{μ}

constructed as

τ_{μ} = \frac{{\hat{β}}_{1}}{σ_{11}}

To test for a unit root with drift and deterministic time trend the regression model

\nabla y_{t} = β_{1} y_{t - 1} + \sum_{i = 1}^{p - 1} δ_{i} \nabla y_{t - i} + α + β_{2} t + ε_{t}

is fit and the test statistic

τ_{τ}

constructed as

τ_{τ} = \frac{{\hat{β}}_{1}}{σ_{11}}

The distributions of the three test statistics;

τ

τ_{μ}

and

τ_{τ}

, are nonstandard. An associated probability can be obtained from g01ewc.

4 References

Dickey A D (1976) Estimation and hypothesis testing in nonstationary time series PhD Thesis Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa

Dickey A D and Fuller W A (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 74 366 427–431

5 Arguments

1: $type$ – Nag_TS_URTestType Input

On entry: the type of unit test for which the probability is required.

$type = Nag_UnitRoot$: A unit root test will be performed and $τ$ returned.
$type = Nag_UnitRootWithDrift$: A unit root test with drift will be performed and $τ_{μ}$ returned.
$type = Nag_UnitRootWithDriftAndTrend$: A unit root test with drift and deterministic time trend will be performed and $τ_{τ}$ returned.

Constraint:

type = Nag_UnitRoot

Nag_UnitRootWithDrift

Nag_UnitRootWithDriftAndTrend

2: $p$ – Integer Input

On entry:

p

, the degree of the autoregressive (AR) component of the Dickey–Fuller test statistic. When

p > 1

the test is usually referred to as the augmented Dickey–Fuller test.

Constraint:

p > 0

3: $n$ – Integer Input

On entry:

n

, the length of the time series.

Constraints:

if $type = Nag_UnitRoot$ , $n > 2 p$ ;
if $type = Nag_UnitRootWithDrift$ , $n > 2 p + 1$ ;
if $type = Nag_UnitRootWithDriftAndTrend$ , $n > 2 p + 2$ .

4: $y [n]$ – const double Input

On entry:

y

, the time series.

5: $fail$ – NagError * Input/Output

The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL

Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

NE_BAD_PARAM

On entry, argument

⟨ value ⟩

had an illegal value.

NE_INT

On entry,

n = ⟨ value ⟩

.
Constraint:

if $type = Nag_UnitRoot$ , $n > 2 p$ ;
if $type = Nag_UnitRootWithDrift$ , $n > 2 p + 1$ ;
if $type = Nag_UnitRootWithDriftAndTrend$ , $n > 2 p + 2$ .

NE_INTERNAL_ERROR

An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

NE_NO_LICENCE

Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

NE_ORDERS_ARIMA

On entry,

p = ⟨ value ⟩

.
Constraint:

p > 0

NW_SOLN_NOT_UNIQUE

On entry, the design matrix used in the estimation of

β_{1}

is not of full rank, this is usually due to all elements of the series being virtually identical. The returned statistic is, therefore, not unique and likely to be meaningless.

NW_TRUNCATED

σ_{11} = 0

, therefore, depending on the sign of

{\hat{β}}_{1}

, a large positive or negative value has been returned.

7 Accuracy

Not applicable.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.

g13awc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

g13awc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

In this example a Dickey–Fuller unit root test is applied to a time series related to the rate of the earth's rotation about its polar axis.

g13aw: FL CL CPP AD PY MB

NAG CL Interfaceg13awc (uni_​dickey_​fuller_​unit)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG CL Interface
g13awc (uni_dickey_fuller_unit)