void	f07avc (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_TransType trans, Integer n, Integer nrhs, const Complex a[], Integer pda, const Complex af[], Integer pdaf, const Integer ipiv[], const Complex b[], Integer pdb, Complex x[], Integer pdx, double ferr[], double berr[], NagError *fail)

The function may be called by the names: f07avc, nag_lapacklin_zgerfs or nag_zgerfs.

3 Description

f07avc returns the backward errors and estimated bounds on the forward errors for the solution of a complex system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides

A X = B

A^{T} X = B

A^{H} X = B

. The function handles each right-hand side vector (stored as a column of the matrix

B

) independently, so we describe the function of f07avc in terms of a single right-hand side

b

and solution

x

Given a computed solution

x

, the function computes the component-wise backward error

β

. This is the size of the smallest relative perturbation in each element of

A

and

b

such that

x

is the exact solution of a perturbed system

\begin{matrix} (A + δ A) x = b + δ b \\ | δ a_{i j} | \leq β | a_{i j} | and | δ b_{i} | \leq β | b_{i} | . \end{matrix}

Then the function estimates a bound for the component-wise forward error in the computed solution, defined by:

\max_{i} | x_{i} - {\hat{x}}_{i} | / \max_{i} | x_{i} |

where

\hat{x}

is the true solution.

For details of the method, see the F07 Chapter Introduction.

4 References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5 Arguments

1: $order$ – Nag_OrderType Input

On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by

order = Nag_RowMajor

. See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.

Constraint:

order = Nag_RowMajor

Nag_ColMajor

2: $trans$ – Nag_TransType Input

On entry: indicates the form of the linear equations for which

X

is the computed solution as follows:

$trans = Nag_NoTrans$: The linear equations are of the form $A X = B$ .
$trans = Nag_Trans$: The linear equations are of the form $A^{T} X = B$ .
$trans = Nag_ConjTrans$: The linear equations are of the form $A^{H} X = B$ .

Constraint:

trans = Nag_NoTrans

Nag_Trans

Nag_ConjTrans

3: $n$ – Integer Input

On entry:

n

, the order of the matrix

A

Constraint:

n \geq 0

4: $nrhs$ – Integer Input

On entry:

r

, the number of right-hand sides.

Constraint:

nrhs \geq 0

5: $a [\dim]$ – const Complex Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array a must be at least

\max (1, pda \times n)

The

(i, j)

th element of the matrix

A

is stored in

$a [(j - 1) \times pda + i - 1]$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$a [(i - 1) \times pda + j - 1]$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

On entry: the

n \times n

original matrix

A

as supplied to f07arc.

6: $pda$ – Integer Input

On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array a.

Constraint:

pda \geq \max (1, n)

7: $af [\dim]$ – const Complex Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array af must be at least

\max (1, pdaf \times n)

The

(i, j)

th element of the matrix is stored in

$af [(j - 1) \times pdaf + i - 1]$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$af [(i - 1) \times pdaf + j - 1]$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

On entry: the

L U

factorization of

A

, as returned by f07arc.

8: $pdaf$ – Integer Input

On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array af.

Constraint:

pdaf \geq \max (1, n)

9: $ipiv [\dim]$ – const Integer Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ipiv must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the pivot indices, as returned by f07arc.

10: $b [\dim]$ – const Complex Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array b must be at least

$\max (1, pdb \times nrhs)$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$\max (1, n \times pdb)$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

The

(i, j)

th element of the matrix

B

is stored in

$b [(j - 1) \times pdb + i - 1]$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$b [(i - 1) \times pdb + j - 1]$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

On entry: the

n \times r

right-hand side matrix

B

11: $pdb$ – Integer Input

On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array b.

Constraints:

if $order = Nag_ColMajor$ , $pdb \geq \max (1, n)$ ;
if $order = Nag_RowMajor$ , $pdb \geq \max (1, nrhs)$ .

12: $x [\dim]$ – Complex Input/Output

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array x must be at least

$\max (1, pdx \times nrhs)$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$\max (1, n \times pdx)$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

The

(i, j)

th element of the matrix

X

is stored in

$x [(j - 1) \times pdx + i - 1]$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$x [(i - 1) \times pdx + j - 1]$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

On entry: the

n \times r

solution matrix

X

, as returned by f07asc.

On exit: the improved solution matrix

X

13: $pdx$ – Integer Input

On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array x.

Constraints:

if $order = Nag_ColMajor$ , $pdx \geq \max (1, n)$ ;
if $order = Nag_RowMajor$ , $pdx \geq \max (1, nrhs)$ .

14: $ferr [nrhs]$ – double Output

On exit:

ferr [j - 1]

contains an estimated error bound for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

15: $berr [nrhs]$ – double Output

On exit:

berr [j - 1]

contains the component-wise backward error bound

β

for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

16: $fail$ – NagError * Input/Output

The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $⟨ value ⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT: On entry, $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .

On entry, $nrhs = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $nrhs \geq 0$ .

On entry, $pda = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pda > 0$ .

On entry, $pdaf = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdaf > 0$ .

On entry, $pdb = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdb > 0$ .

On entry, $pdx = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdx > 0$ .
NE_INT_2: On entry, $pda = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pda \geq \max (1, n)$ .

On entry, $pdaf = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdaf \geq \max (1, n)$ .

On entry, $pdb = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdb \geq \max (1, n)$ .

On entry, $pdb = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $nrhs = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdb \geq \max (1, nrhs)$ .

On entry, $pdx = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdx \geq \max (1, n)$ .

On entry, $pdx = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $nrhs = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdx \geq \max (1, nrhs)$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The bounds returned in ferr are not rigorous, because they are estimated, not computed exactly; but in practice they almost always overestimate the actual error.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.

f07avc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f07avc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

For each right-hand side, computation of the backward error involves a minimum of

16 n^{2}

real floating-point operations. Each step of iterative refinement involves an additional

24 n^{2}

real operations. At most five steps of iterative refinement are performed, but usually only one or two steps are required.

Estimating the forward error involves solving a number of systems of linear equations of the form

A x = b

A^{H} x = b

; the number is usually

5

and never more than

11

. Each solution involves approximately

8 n^{2}

real operations.

The real analogue of this function is f07ahc.

10 Example

This example solves the system of equations

A X = B

using iterative refinement and to compute the forward and backward error bounds, where

A = (\begin{array}{r} - 1.34 + 2.55 i & 0.28 + 3.17 i & - 6.39 - 2.20 i & 0.72 - 0.92 i \\ - 0.17 - 1.41 i & 3.31 - 0.15 i & - 0.15 + 1.34 i & 1.29 + 1.38 i \\ - 3.29 - 2.39 i & - 1.91 + 4.42 i & - 0.14 - 1.35 i & 1.72 + 1.35 i \\ 2.41 + 0.39 i & - 0.56 + 1.47 i & - 0.83 - 0.69 i & - 1.96 + 0.67 i \end{array})

and

B = (\begin{array}{r} 26.26 + 51.78 i & 31.32 - 6.70 i \\ 6.43 - 8.68 i & 15.86 - 1.42 i \\ - 5.75 + 25.31 i & - 2.15 + 30.19 i \\ 1.16 + 2.57 i & - 2.56 + 7.55 i \end{array}) .

Here

A

is nonsymmetric and must first be factorized by f07arc.

f07av: FL CL CPP AD PY MB

NAG CL Interfacef07avc (zgerfs)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG CL Interface
f07avc (zgerfs)