The routine may be called by the names f08bpf, nagf_lapackeig_ztpqrt or its LAPACK name ztpqrt.
3Description
f08bpf forms the factorization of a complex triangular-pentagonal matrix ,
where is an upper triangular matrix and is an pentagonal matrix consisting of an rectangular matrix on top of an upper trapezoidal matrix :
The upper trapezoidal matrix consists of the first rows of an upper triangular matrix, where . If , is rectangular; if and , is upper triangular.
A recursive, explicitly blocked, factorization (see f08apf) is performed on the matrix . The upper triangular matrix , details of the unitary matrix , and further details (the block reflector factors) of are returned.
Typically the matrix or contains the matrix from the factorization of a subproblem and f08bpf performs the update operation from the inclusion of matrix .
For example, consider the factorization of an matrix with :
,
, where is upper triangular and is rectangular (this can be performed by f08apf). Given an initial least squares problem
where and are matrices, we have
.
Now, adding an additional rows to the original system gives the augmented least squares problem
where is an matrix formed by adding rows on top of and is an matrix formed by adding rows on top of .
f08bpf can then be used to perform the factorization of the pentagonal matrix ; the matrix will be zero on input and contain on output.
In the case where is , , is upper triangular (forming ) on top of rows of zeros (forming first rows of ). Augmentation is then performed by adding rows to the bottom of with .
4References
Elmroth E and Gustavson F (2000) Applying Recursion to Serial and Parallel Factorization Leads to Better Performance IBM Journal of Research and Development. (Volume 44)4 605–624
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (2012) Matrix Computations (4th Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
5Arguments
1: – IntegerInput
On entry: , the number of rows of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
2: – IntegerInput
On entry: , the number of columns of the matrix and the order of the upper triangular matrix .
Constraint:
.
3: – IntegerInput
On entry: , the number of rows of the trapezoidal part of (i.e., ).
Constraint:
.
4: – IntegerInput
On entry: the explicitly chosen block-size to be used in the algorithm for computing the factorization. See Section 9 for details.
Constraints:
;
if , .
5: – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array a
must be at least
.
On entry: the upper triangular matrix .
On exit: the upper triangle is overwritten by the corresponding elements of the upper triangular matrix .
6: – IntegerInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f08bpf is called.
Constraint:
.
7: – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array b
must be at least
.
On entry: the pentagonal matrix composed of an rectangular matrix above an upper trapezoidal matrix .
On exit: details of the unitary matrix .
8: – IntegerInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which f08bpf is called.
Constraint:
.
9: – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
Note: the second dimension of the array t
must be at least
.
On exit: further details of the unitary matrix . The number of blocks is , where and each block is of order nb except for the last block, which is of order . For each of the blocks, an upper triangular block reflector factor is computed: . These are stored in the matrix as .
10: – IntegerInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array t as declared in the (sub)program from which f08bpf is called.
Constraint:
.
11: – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace
Note: the dimension of the array work
must be at least
.
12: – IntegerOutput
On exit: unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6).
6Error Indicators and Warnings
If , argument had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.
7Accuracy
The computed factorization is the exact factorization of a nearby matrix , where
and is the machine precision.
8Parallelism and Performance
Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.
f08bpf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
9Further Comments
The total number of floating-point operations is approximately if or if .
The block size, nb, used by f08bpf is supplied explicitly through the interface. For moderate and large sizes of matrix, the block size can have a marked effect on the efficiency of the algorithm with the optimal value being dependent on problem size and platform. A value of is likely to achieve good efficiency and it is unlikely that an optimal value would exceed .
To apply to an arbitrary complex rectangular matrix , f08bpf may be followed by a call to f08bqf. For example,
To form the unitary matrix explicitly set , initialize to the identity matrix and make a call to f08bqf as above.
10Example
This example finds the basic solutions for the linear least squares problems
where and are the columns of the matrix ,
A factorization is performed on the first rows of using f08apf after which the first rows of are updated by applying using f08aqf. The remaining row is added by performing a update using f08bpf; is updated by applying the new using f08bqf; the solution is finally obtained by triangular solve using from the updated .