is computed using a Schur decomposition, a Padé approximant and the inverse scaling and squaring method. The Padé approximant is then differentiated in order to obtain the Fréchet derivative

L (A, E)

. If

A

is nonsingular but has negative real eigenvalues, the principal logarithm is not defined, but f01kkf will return a non-principal logarithm and Fréchet derivative.

4 References

Al–Mohy A H and Higham N J (2011) Improved inverse scaling and squaring algorithms for the matrix logarithm SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 34(4) C152–C169

Al–Mohy A H, Higham N J and Relton S D (2012) Computing the Fréchet derivative of the matrix logarithm and estimating the condition number SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 35(4) C394–C410

Higham N J (2008) Functions of Matrices: Theory and Computation SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA

5 Arguments

1: $n$ – Integer Input: On entry: $n$ , the order of the matrix $A$ .

Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
2: $a (lda, *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output: Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least $n$ .

On entry: the $n \times n$ matrix $A$ .

On exit: the $n \times n$ principal matrix logarithm, $\log (A)$ . Alterntively, if $ifail = 2$ , a non-principal logarithm is returned.
3: $lda$ – Integer Input: On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f01kkf is called.

Constraint: $lda \geq n$ .
4: $e (lde, *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output: Note: the second dimension of the array e must be at least $n$ .

On entry: the $n \times n$ matrix $E$

On exit: with $ifail = 0$ , $2$ or $3$ , the Fréchet derivative $L (A, E)$
5: $lde$ – Integer Input: On entry: the first dimension of the array e as declared in the (sub)program from which f01kkf is called.

Constraint: $lde \geq n$ .
6: $ifail$ – Integer Input/Output: On entry: ifail must be set to $0$ , $−1$ or $1$ to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of $0$ causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of $−1$ means that an error message is printed while a value of $1$ means that it is not.

If halting is not appropriate, the value $−1$ or $1$ is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, the value $0$ is recommended. When the value $- 1$ or $1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit: $ifail = 0$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

−1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: $A$ is singular so the logarithm cannot be computed.

$ifail = 2$: $A$ has eigenvalues on the negative real line. The principal logarithm is not defined in this case, so a non-principal logarithm was returned.

$ifail = 3$: $\log (A)$ has been computed using an IEEE double precision Padé approximant, although the arithmetic precision is higher than IEEE double precision.

$ifail = 4$: An unexpected internal error occurred. This failure should not occur and suggests that the routine has been called incorrectly.

$ifail = - 1$: On entry, $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .

$ifail = - 3$: On entry, $lda = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $lda \geq n$ .

$ifail = - 5$: On entry, $lde = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $lde \geq n$ .

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

For a normal matrix

A

(for which

A^{H} A = A A^{H}

), the Schur decomposition is diagonal and the computation of the matrix logarithm reduces to evaluating the logarithm of the eigenvalues of

A

and then constructing

\log (A)

using the Schur vectors. This should give a very accurate result. In general, however, no error bounds are available for the algorithm. The sensitivity of the computation of

\log (A)

and

L (A, E)

is worst when

A

has an eigenvalue of very small modulus or has a complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues lying close to the negative real axis. See Al–Mohy and Higham (2011), Al–Mohy et al. (2012) and Section 11.2 of Higham (2008) for details and further discussion.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.

f01kkf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f01kkf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The cost of the algorithm is

O (n^{3})

floating-point operations. The complex allocatable memory required is approximately

5 n^{2}

; see Al–Mohy et al. (2012) for further details.

If the matrix logarithm alone is required, without the Fréchet derivative, then f01fjf should be used. If the condition number of the matrix logarithm is required then f01kjf should be used. The real analogue of this routine is f01jkf.

10 Example

This example finds the principal matrix logarithm

\log (A)

and the Fréchet derivative

L (A, E)

, where

A = (\begin{array}{r} 1 + 4 i & 3 i & i & 2 \\ 2 i & 3 & 1 & 1 + i \\ i & 2 + i & 2 & i \\ 1 + 2 i & 3 + 2 i & 1 + 2 i & 3 + i \end{array}) and E = (\begin{array}{r} 1 & 1 + 2 i & 2 & 2 + i \\ 1 + 3 i & i & 1 & 0 \\ 2 i & 4 + i & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 2 + 2 i & 3 i & 1 \end{array}) .

f01kk: FL CL CPP AD PY MB

NAG FL Interfacef01kkf (complex_​gen_​matrix_​frcht_​log)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
f01kkf (complex_gen_matrix_frcht_log)