f11gsc is an iterative solver for a complex Hermitian system of simultaneous linear equations; f11gsc is the second in a suite of three functions, where the first function, f11grc, must be called prior to f11gsc to set up the suite, and the third function in the suite, f11gtc, can be used to return additional information about the computation.

These three functions are suitable for the solution of large sparse complex Hermitian systems of equations.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>

void	f11gsc (Integer irevcm, Complex u[], Complex v[], const double wgt[], Complex work[], Integer lwork, NagError fail)

The function may be called by the names: f11gsc, nag_sparse_complex_herm_basic_solver or nag_sparse_herm_basic_solver.

3 Description

f11gsc solves the complex Hermitian system of linear simultaneous equations

A x = b

using either the preconditioned conjugate gradient method (see Hestenes and Stiefel (1952), Golub and Van Loan (1996), Barrett et al. (1994) and Dias da Cunha and Hopkins (1994)) or a preconditioned Lanczos method based upon the algorithm SYMMLQ (see Paige and Saunders (1975) and Barrett et al. (1994)).

For a general description of the methods employed you are referred to Section 3 in f11grc.

f11gsc can solve the system after the first function in the suite, f11grc, has been called to initialize the computation and specify the method of solution. The third function in the suite, f11gtc, can be used to return additional information generated by the computation during monitoring steps and after f11gsc has completed its tasks.

f11gsc uses reverse communication, i.e., f11gsc returns repeatedly to the calling program with the argument irevcm (see Section 5) set to specified values which require the calling program to carry out a specific task: either to compute the matrix-vector product

v = A u

; to solve the preconditioning equation

M v = u

; to notify the completion of the computation; or, to allow the calling program to monitor the solution. Through the argument irevcm the calling program can cause immediate or tidy termination of the execution. On final exit, the last iterates of the solution and of the residual vectors of the original system of equations are returned.

Reverse communication has the following advantages.

1.Maximum flexibility in the representation and storage of sparse matrices. All matrix operations are performed outside the solver function, thereby avoiding the need for a complicated interface with enough flexibility to cope with all types of storage schemes and sparsity patterns. This applies also to preconditioners.
2.Enhanced user interaction: you can closely monitor the progress of the solution and tidy or immediate termination can be requested. This is useful, for example, when alternative termination criteria are to be employed or in case of failure of the external functions used to perform matrix operations.

4 References

Barrett R, Berry M, Chan T F, Demmel J, Donato J, Dongarra J, Eijkhout V, Pozo R, Romine C and Van der Vorst H (1994) Templates for the Solution of Linear Systems: Building Blocks for Iterative Methods SIAM, Philadelphia

Dias da Cunha R and Hopkins T (1994) PIM 1.1 — the parallel iterative method package for systems of linear equations user's guide — Fortran 77 version Technical Report Computing Laboratory, University of Kent at Canterbury, Kent, UK

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

Hestenes M and Stiefel E (1952) Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear systems J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand. 49 409–436

Higham N J (1988) FORTRAN codes for estimating the one-norm of a real or complex matrix, with applications to condition estimation ACM Trans. Math. Software 14 381–396

Paige C C and Saunders M A (1975) Solution of sparse indefinite systems of linear equations SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 12 617–629

5 Arguments

Note: this function uses reverse communication. Its use involves an initial entry, intermediate exits and re-entries, and a final exit, as indicated by the argument irevcm. Between intermediate exits and re-entries, all arguments other than irevcm and v must remain unchanged.

1: $irevcm$ – Integer * Input/Output

On initial entry:

irevcm = 0

, otherwise an error condition will be raised.

On intermediate re-entry: irevcm must either be unchanged from its previous exit value, or can have one of the following values.

$irevcm = 5$: Tidy termination: the computation will terminate at the end of the current iteration. Further reverse communication exits may occur depending on when the termination request is issued. f11gsc will then return with the termination code $irevcm = 4$ . Note that before calling f11gsc with $irevcm = 5$ the calling program must have performed the tasks required by the value of irevcm returned by the previous call to f11gsc, otherwise subsequently returned values may be invalid.
$irevcm = 6$: Immediate termination: f11gsc will return immediately with termination code $irevcm = 4$ and with any useful information available. This includes the last iterate of the solution and, for conjugate gradient only, the last iterate of the residual vector. The residual vector is generally not available when the Lanczos method (SYMMLQ) is used. f11gsc will then return with the termination code $irevcm = 4$ .
Immediate termination may be useful, for example, when errors are detected during matrix-vector multiplication or during the solution of the preconditioning equation.

Changing irevcm to any other value between calls will result in an error.

On intermediate exit: has the following meanings.

$irevcm = 1$: The calling program must compute the matrix-vector product $v = A u$ , where $u$ and $v$ are stored in u and v, respectively.
$irevcm = 2$: The calling program must solve the preconditioning equation $M v = u$ , where $u$ and $v$ are stored in u and v, respectively.
$irevcm = 3$: Monitoring step: the solution and residual at the current iteration are returned in the arrays u and v, respectively. No action by the calling program is required. To return additional information f11gtc can be called at this step.

On final exit: if

irevcm = 4

, f11gsc has completed its tasks. The value of fail.code determines whether the iteration has been successfully completed, errors have been detected or the calling program has requested termination.

Constraint: on initial entry,

irevcm = 0

; on re-entry, either irevcm must remain unchanged or be reset to

irevcm = 5

6

Note: any values you return to f11gsc as part of the reverse communication procedure should not include floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by f11gsc. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, f11gsc is likely to produce unexpected results.

2: $u [\dim]$ – Complex Input/Output

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array u must be at least

n

On initial entry: an initial estimate,

x_{0}

, of the solution of the system of equations

A x = b

On intermediate re-entry: must remain unchanged.

On intermediate exit: the returned value of irevcm determines the contents of u in the following way.

irevcm = 1

2

, u holds the vector

u

on which the operation specified by irevcm is to be carried out.

irevcm = 3

, u holds the current iterate of the solution vector.

On final exit: if after the first call

fail . code =

NE_INT or NE_OUT_OF_SEQUENCE, the array u is unchanged from the initial entry to f11gsc. If after an intermediate call

fail . code =

NE_INT or NE_OUT_OF_SEQUENCE, the array u is unchanged from the last entry to f11gsc. Otherwise, u holds the last iterate of the solution of the system of equations, for all returned values of fail.code.

3: $v [\dim]$ – Complex Input/Output

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array v must be at least

n

On initial entry: the right-hand side

b

of the system of equations

A x = b

On intermediate re-entry: the returned value of irevcm determines the contents of v in the following way.

irevcm = 1

2

, v must store the vector

v

, the result of the operation specified by the value of irevcm returned by the previous call to f11gsc

irevcm = 3

, v must remain unchanged.

On intermediate exit: if

irevcm = 3

, v holds the current iterate of the residual vector. Note that this is an approximation to the true residual vector. Otherwise, it does not contain any useful information.

On final exit: if after the first call

fail . code =

NE_INT or NE_OUT_OF_SEQUENCE, the array v is unchanged from the initial entry to f11gsc. If after an intermediate call

fail . code =

NE_INT or NE_OUT_OF_SEQUENCE, the array v is unchanged from the last entry to f11gsc. Otherwise, v stores the last iterate of the residual vector unless the Lanczos method (SYMMLQ) was used and

fail . code =

NE_COEFF_NOT_POS_DEF, NE_CONVERGENCE, NE_PRECOND_NOT_POS_DEF, NE_SINGULAR, NE_USER_STOP or NE_WEIGHT_ZERO, in which case v is set to

0.0

4: $wgt [\dim]$ – const double Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array wgt must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the user-supplied weights, if these are to be used in the computation of the vector norms in the termination criterion (see Sections 3 and 5 in f11grc).

Constraint: if weights are to be used, at least one element of wgt must be nonzero.

5: $work [lwork]$ – Complex Communication Array

On initial entry: the array work as returned by f11grc (see also Section 5 in f11grc).

On intermediate re-entry: must remain unchanged.

6: $lwork$ – Integer Input

On initial entry: the dimension of the array work (see also Section 3 in f11grc). The required amount of workspace is as follows:

Method	Requirements
CG	$lwork = 120 + 5 n + p$ .
SYMMLQ	$lwork = 120 + 6 n + p$ .

where

$p = 2 \times (maxits + 1)$ , when an estimate of $σ_{1} (A)$ (sigmax) is computed;
$p = 0$ , otherwise.

Constraint:

lwork \geq lwreq

, where lwreq is returned by f11grc.

7: $fail$ – NagError * Input/Output

The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ACCURACY: $fail . errnum = 1$
User-requested termination: the required accuracy could not be obtained. However, a reasonable accuracy may have been achieved.

$fail . errnum = 2$
The required accuracy could not be obtained. However, a reasonable accuracy may have been achieved.
NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $⟨ value ⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_COEFF_NOT_POS_DEF: The matrix of the coefficients $A$ appears not to be positive definite. The computation cannot continue.
NE_CONVERGENCE: The solution has not converged after $⟨ value ⟩$ iterations.

User-requested tidy termination. The solution has not converged after $⟨ value ⟩$ iterations.
NE_INT: On entry, $lwork = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $lwork \geq lwreq$ , where lwreq is returned by f11grc.

On initial entry, $irevcm = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $irevcm = 0$ .

On intermediate re-entry, $irevcm = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: either irevcm must be unchanged from its previous exit value or $irevcm = 5$ or $6$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_OUT_OF_SEQUENCE: Either f11grc was not called before calling f11gsc or it has returned an error.

f11gsc has already completed its tasks. You need to set a new problem.
NE_PRECOND_NOT_POS_DEF: The preconditioner appears not to be positive definite. The computation cannot continue.
NE_SINGULAR: The matrix of the coefficients $A$ appears to be singular. The computation cannot continue.
NE_USER_STOP: User-requested immediate termination.
NE_WEIGHT_ZERO: The weights in array wgt are all zero.

7 Accuracy

On completion, i.e.,

irevcm = 4

on exit, the arrays u and v will return the solution and residual vectors,

x_{k}

and

r_{k} = b - A x_{k}

, respectively, at the

k

th iteration, the last iteration performed, unless an immediate termination was requested and the Lanczos method (SYMMLQ) was used.

On successful completion, the termination criterion is satisfied to within the user-specified tolerance, as described in Section 3 in f11grc. The computed values of the left- and right-hand sides of the termination criterion selected can be obtained by a call to f11gtc.

8 Parallelism and Performance

Background information to multithreading can be found in the Multithreading documentation.

f11gsc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f11gsc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The number of operations carried out by f11gsc for each iteration is likely to be principally determined by the computation of the matrix-vector products

v = A u

and by the solution of the preconditioning equation

M v = u

in the calling program. Each of these operations is carried out once every iteration.

The number of the remaining operations in f11gsc for each iteration is approximately proportional to

n

. Note that the Lanczos method (SYMMLQ) requires a slightly larger number of operations than the conjugate gradient method.

The number of iterations required to achieve a prescribed accuracy cannot be easily determined at the onset, as it can depend dramatically on the conditioning and spectrum of the preconditioned matrix of the coefficients

\bar{A} = E^{- 1} A E^{- H}

Additional matrix-vector products are required for the computation of

{‖ A ‖}_{1} = {‖ A ‖}_{\infty}

, when this has not been supplied to f11grc and is required by the termination criterion employed.

The number of operations required to compute

σ_{1} (\bar{A})

is negligible for reasonable values of sigtol and maxits (see Sections 5 and 9 in f11grc).

If the termination criterion

{‖ r_{k} ‖}_{p} \leq τ ({‖ b ‖}_{p} + {‖ A ‖}_{p} \times {‖ x_{k} ‖}_{p})

is used (see Section 3 in f11grc) and

‖ x_{0} ‖ ≫ ‖ x_{k} ‖

, so that because of loss of significant digits the required accuracy could not be obtained, the iteration is restarted automatically at some suitable point: f11gsc sets

x_{0} = x_{k}

and the computation begins again. For particularly badly scaled problems, more than one restart may be necessary. Naturally, restarting adds to computational costs: it is recommended that the iteration should start from a value