void	d03ndc (Nag_OptionType kopt, double x, double s, double t, double tmat, const Nag_Boolean tdpar[], const double r[], const double q[], const double sigma[], double f, double theta, double delta, double gamma, double lambda, double rho, NagError *fail)

The function may be called by the names: d03ndc, nag_pde_dim1_blackscholes_closed or nag_pde_bs_1d_analytic.

3 Description

d03ndc computes an analytic solution to the Black–Scholes equation (see Hull (1989) and Wilmott et al. (1995))

\frac{\partial f}{\partial t} + (r - q) S \frac{\partial f}{\partial S} + \frac{σ^{2} S^{2}}{2} \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial S^{2}} = r f

(1)

S_{\min} < S < S_{\max}, t_{\min} < t < t_{\max},

(2)

for the value

f

of a European put or call option, or an American call option with zero dividend

q

. In equation (1)

t

is time,

S

is the stock price,

X

is the exercise price,

r

is the risk free interest rate,

q

is the continuous dividend, and

σ

is the stock volatility. The parameter

r

q

and

σ

may be either constant, or functions of time. In the latter case their average instantaneous values over the remaining life of the option should be provided to d03ndc. An auxiliary function d03nec is available to compute such averages from values at a set of discrete times. Equation (1) is subject to different boundary conditions depending on the type of option. For a call option the boundary condition is

f (S, t = t_{mat}) = \max (0, S - X)

where

t_{mat}

is the maturity time of the option. For a put option the equation (1) is subject to

f (S, t = t_{mat}) = \max (0, X - S) .

d03ndc also returns values of the Greeks

Θ = \frac{\partial f}{\partial t}, Δ = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}, Γ = \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial x^{2}}, Λ = \frac{\partial f}{\partial σ}, ρ = \frac{\partial f}{\partial r} .

s30abc also computes the European option price given by the Black–Scholes–Merton formula together with a more comprehensive set of sensitivities (Greeks).

Further details of the analytic solution returned are given in Section 9.1.

4 References

Hull J (1989) Options, Futures and Other Derivative Securities Prentice–Hall

Wilmott P, Howison S and Dewynne J (1995) The Mathematics of Financial Derivatives Cambridge University Press

5 Arguments

1: $kopt$ – Nag_OptionType Input

On entry: specifies the kind of option to be valued:

$kopt = Nag_EuropeanCall$: A European call option.
$kopt = Nag_AmericanCall$: An American call option.
$kopt = Nag_EuropeanPut$: A European put option.

Constraints:

$kopt = Nag_EuropeanCall$ , $Nag_AmericanCall$ or $Nag_EuropeanPut$ ;
if $q \neq 0$ , $kopt \neq Nag_AmericanCall$ .

2: $x$ – double Input

On entry: the exercise price

X

Constraint:

x \geq 0.0

3: $s$ – double Input

On entry: the stock price at which the option value and the Greeks should be evaluated.

Constraint:

s \geq 0.0

4: $t$ – double Input

On entry: the time at which the option value and the Greeks should be evaluated.

Constraint:

t \geq 0.0

5: $tmat$ – double Input

On entry: the maturity time of the option.

Constraint:

tmat \geq t

6: $tdpar [3]$ – const Nag_Boolean Input

On entry: specifies whether or not various arguments are time-dependent. More precisely,

r

is time-dependent if

tdpar [0] = Nag_TRUE

and constant otherwise. Similarly,

tdpar [1]

specifies whether

q

is time-dependent and

tdpar [2]

specifies whether

σ

is time-dependent.

7: $r [\dim]$ – const double Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array r must be at least

$3$ when $tdpar [0] = Nag_TRUE$ ;
$1$ otherwise.

On entry: if

tdpar [0] = Nag_FALSE

then

r [0]

must contain the constant value of

r

. The remaining elements need not be set.

tdpar [0] = Nag_TRUE

then

r [0]

must contain the value of

r

at time t and

r [1]

must contain its average instantaneous value over the remaining life of the option:

\hat{r} = \int_{t}^{tmat} r (ζ) d ζ .

The auxiliary function d03nec may be used to construct r from a set of values of

r

at discrete times.

8: $q [\dim]$ – const double Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array q must be at least

$3$ when $tdpar [1] = Nag_TRUE$ ;
$1$ otherwise.

On entry: if

tdpar [1] = Nag_FALSE

then

q [0]

must contain the constant value of

q

. The remaining elements need not be set.

tdpar [1] = Nag_TRUE

then

q [0]

must contain the constant value of

q

and

q [1]

must contain its average instantaneous value over the remaining life of the option:

\hat{q} = \int_{t}^{tmat} q (ζ) d ζ .

The auxiliary function d03nec may be used to construct q from a set of values of

q

at discrete times.

9: $sigma [\dim]$ – const double Input

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array sigma must be at least

$3$ when $tdpar [2] = Nag_TRUE$ ;
$1$ otherwise.

On entry: if

tdpar [2] = Nag_FALSE

then

sigma [0]

must contain the constant value of

σ

. The remaining elements need not be set.

tdpar [2] = Nag_TRUE

then

sigma [0]

must contain the value of

σ

at time t,

sigma [1]

the average instantaneous value

\hat{σ}

, and

sigma [2]

the second-order average

\bar{σ}

, where:

\hat{σ} = \int_{t}^{tmat} σ (ζ) d ζ,

\bar{σ} = {(\int_{t}^{tmat} σ^{2} (ζ) d ζ)}^{1 / 2} .

The auxiliary function d03nec may be used to compute sigma from a set of values at discrete times.

Constraints:

if $tdpar [2] = Nag_FALSE$ , $sigma [0] > 0.0$ ;
if $tdpar [2] = Nag_TRUE$ , $sigma [i - 1] > 0.0$ , for $i = 1, 2, 3$ .

10: $f$ – double * Output

On exit: the value

f

of the option at the stock price s and time t.

11: $theta$ – double * Output

12: $delta$ – double * Output

13: $gamma$ – double * Output

14: $lambda$ – double * Output

15: $rho$ – double * Output

On exit: the values of various Greeks at the stock price s and time t, as follows:

\begin{array}{l} theta = Θ = \frac{\partial f}{\partial t}, & delta = Δ = \frac{\partial f}{\partial s}, & gamma = Γ = \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial s^{2}}, \\ lambda = Λ = \frac{\partial f}{\partial σ}, & rho = ρ = \frac{\partial f}{\partial r} . \end{array}

16: $fail$ – NagError * Input/Output

The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $⟨ value ⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_INCOMPAT_PARAM: On entry, $q [0]$ is not equal to $0.0$ with American call option. $q [0] = ⟨ value ⟩$ .

On entry, $sigma [⟨ value ⟩] = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $sigma [i - 1] > 0.0$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_REAL: On entry, $s = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $s \geq 0.0$ .

On entry, $t = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $t \geq 0.0$ .

On entry, $x = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $x \geq 0.0$ .
NE_REAL_2: On entry, $tmat = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $t = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $tmat \geq t$ .

7 Accuracy

Given accurate values of r, q and sigma no further approximations are made in the evaluation of the Black–Scholes analytic formulae, and the results should, therefore, be within machine accuracy. The values of r, q and sigma returned from d03nec are exact for polynomials of degree up to

3

8 Parallelism and Performance

d03ndc is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

9.1 Algorithmic Details

The Black–Scholes analytic formulae are used to compute the solution. For a European call option these are as follows:

f = S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N (d_{1}) - X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N (d_{2})

where

\begin{array}{lcl} d_{1} & = & \frac{\log (S / X) + (\hat{r} - \hat{q} + {\bar{σ}}^{2} / 2) (T - t)}{\bar{σ} \sqrt{T - t}}, \\ d_{2} & = & \frac{\log (S / X) + (\hat{r} - \hat{q} - {\bar{σ}}^{2} / 2) (T - t)}{\bar{σ} \sqrt{T - t}} = d_{1} - \bar{σ} \sqrt{T - t}, \end{array}

N (x)

is the cumulative Normal distribution function and

N^{'} (x)

is its derivative

\begin{array}{lcl} N (x) & = & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 π}} \int_{- \infty}^{x} e^{- ζ^{2} / 2} d ζ, \\ N^{'} (x) & = & \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 π}} e^{- x^{2} / 2} . \end{array}

The functions

\hat{q}

\hat{r}

\hat{σ}

and

\bar{σ}

are average values of

q

r

and

σ

over the time to maturity:

\begin{array}{lcl} \hat{q} & = & \frac{1}{T - t} \int_{t}^{T} q (ζ) d ζ, \\ \hat{r} & = & \frac{1}{T - t} \int_{t}^{T} r (ζ) d ζ, \\ \hat{σ} & = & \frac{1}{T - t} \int_{t}^{T} σ (ζ) d ζ, \\ \bar{σ} & = & {(\frac{1}{T - t} \int_{t}^{T} σ^{2} (ζ) d ζ)}^{1 / 2} . \end{array}

The Greeks are then calculated as follows:

\begin{array}{lcl} Δ & = & \frac{\partial f}{\partial S} = e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N (d_{1}) + \frac{S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{1}) - X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{2})}{\bar{σ} S \sqrt{T - t}}, \\ Γ & = & \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial S^{2}} = \frac{S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{1}) + X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{2})}{\bar{σ} S^{2} \sqrt{T - t}} + \frac{S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{1}) - X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{2})}{{\bar{σ}}^{2} S^{2} (T - t)}, \\ Θ & = & \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} = r f + (q - r) S Δ - \frac{σ^{2} S^{2}}{2} Γ, \\ Λ & = & \frac{\partial f}{\partial σ} = (\frac{X d_{1} e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{2}) - S d_{2} e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{1})}{{\bar{σ}}^{2}}) \hat{σ}, \\ ρ & = & \frac{\partial f}{\partial r} = X (T - t) e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N (d_{2}) + \frac{(S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{1}) - X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (d_{2})) \sqrt{T - t}}{\bar{σ}} . \end{array}

Note: that

Θ

is obtained from substitution of other Greeks in the Black–Scholes partial differential equation, rather than differentiation of

f

. The values of

q

r

and

σ

appearing in its definition are the instantaneous values, not the averages. Note also that both the first-order average

\hat{σ}

and the second-order average

\bar{σ}

appear in the expression for

Λ

. This results from the fact that

Λ

is the derivative of

f

with respect to

σ

, not

\hat{σ}

For a European put option the equivalent equations are:

\begin{array}{lcl} f & = & X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N (- d_{2}) - S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N (- d_{1}), \\ Δ & = & \frac{\partial f}{\partial S} = - e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N (- d_{1}) + \frac{S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (- d_{1}) - X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (- d_{2})}{\bar{σ} S \sqrt{T - t}}, \\ Γ & = & \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial S^{2}} = \frac{X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (- d_{2}) + S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (- d_{1})}{\bar{σ} S^{2} \sqrt{T - t}} + \frac{X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{''} (- d_{2}) - S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{''} (- d_{1})}{{\bar{σ}}^{2} S^{2} (T - t)}, \\ Θ & = & \frac{\partial f}{\partial t} = r f + (q - r) S Δ - \frac{σ^{2} S^{2}}{2} Γ, \\ Λ & = & \frac{\partial f}{\partial σ} = (\frac{X d_{1} e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (- d_{2}) - S d_{2} e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (- d_{1})}{{\bar{σ}}^{2}}) \hat{σ}, \\ ρ & = & \frac{\partial f}{\partial r} = - X (T - t) e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N (- d_{2}) + \frac{(S e^{- \hat{q} (T - t)} N^{'} (- d_{1}) - X e^{- \hat{r} (T - t)} N^{'} (- d_{2})) \sqrt{T - t}}{\hat{σ}} . \end{array}

The analytic solution for an American call option with

q = 0

is identical to that for a European call, since early exercise is never optimal in this case. For all other cases no analytic solution is known.

10 Example

This example solves the Black–Scholes equation for valuation of a

5

-month American call option on a non-dividend-paying stock with an exercise price of $

50

. The risk-free interest rate is 10% per annum, and the stock volatility is 40% per annum.

The option is valued at a range of times and stock prices.

d03nd: FL CL CPP AD

NAG CL Interfaced03ndc (dim1_​blackscholes_​closed)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

9.1 Algorithmic Details

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG CL Interface
d03ndc (dim1_blackscholes_closed)