NAG FL Interface
e02gcf (glin_​linf)

1 Purpose

e02gcf calculates an l solution to an over-determined system of linear equations.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine e02gcf ( m, n, sda, lda, a, b, tol, relerr, x, resmax, irank, iter, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In) :: m, n, sda, lda
Integer, Intent (Inout) :: ifail
Integer, Intent (Out) :: irank, iter
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) :: tol
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) :: a(lda,sda), b(m), relerr
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) :: x(n), resmax
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void  e02gcf_ (const Integer *m, const Integer *n, const Integer *sda, const Integer *lda, double a[], double b[], const double *tol, double *relerr, double x[], double *resmax, Integer *irank, Integer *iter, Integer *ifail)
The routine may be called by the names e02gcf or nagf_fit_glin_linf.

3 Description

Given a matrix A with m rows and n columns mn and a vector b with m elements, the routine calculates an l solution to the over-determined system of equations
Ax=b.  
That is to say, it calculates a vector x, with n elements, which minimizes the l norm of the residuals (the absolutely largest residual)
rx = max 1im ri  
where the residuals ri are given by
ri = bi - j=1n aij xj ,   i=1,2,,m .  
Here aij is the element in row i and column j of A, bi is the ith element of b and xj the jth element of x. The matrix A need not be of full rank. The solution is not unique in this case, and may not be unique even if A is of full rank.
Alternatively, in applications where a complete minimization of the l norm is not necessary, you may obtain an approximate solution, usually in shorter time, by giving an appropriate value to the argument relerr.
Typically in applications to data fitting, data consisting of m points with coordinates ti,yi is to be approximated in the l norm by a linear combination of known functions ϕjt,
α1ϕ1t+α2ϕ2t++αnϕnt.  
This is equivalent to finding an l solution to the over-determined system of equations
j=1n ϕj ti αj = yi ,   i=1,2,,m .  
Thus if, for each value of i and j the element aij of the matrix A above is set equal to the value of ϕjti and bi is set equal to yi, the solution vector x will contain the required values of the αj. Note that the independent variable t above can, instead, be a vector of several independent variables (this includes the case where each ϕi is a function of a different variable, or set of variables).
The algorithm is a modification of the simplex method of linear programming applied to the dual formation of the l problem (see Barrodale and Phillips (1974) and Barrodale and Phillips (1975)). The modifications are designed to improve the efficiency and stability of the simplex method for this particular application.

4 References

Barrodale I and Phillips C (1974) An improved algorithm for discrete Chebyshev linear approximation Proc. 4th Manitoba Conf. Numerical Mathematics 177–190 University of Manitoba, Canada
Barrodale I and Phillips C (1975) Solution of an overdetermined system of linear equations in the Chebyshev norm [F4] (Algorithm 495) ACM Trans. Math. Software 1(3) 264–270

5 Arguments

1: m Integer Input
On entry: the number of equations, m (the number of rows of the matrix A).
Constraint: mn.
2: n Integer Input
On entry: the number of unknowns, n (the number of columns of the matrix A).
Constraint: n1.
3: sda Integer Input
On entry: the second dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which e02gcf is called.
Constraint: sdam+1.
4: lda Integer Input
On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which e02gcf is called.
Constraint: ldan+3.
5: aldasda Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
On entry: aji must contain aij, the element in the ith row and jth column of the matrix A, for i=1,2,,m and j=1,2,,n, (that is, the transpose of the matrix). The remaining elements need not be set. Preferably, the columns of the matrix A (rows of the argument a) should be scaled before entry: see Section 7.
On exit: contains the last simplex tableau.
6: bm Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output
On entry: bi must contain bi, the ith element of the vector b, for i=1,2,,m.
On exit: the ith residual ri corresponding to the solution vector x, for i=1,2,,m. Note however that these residuals may contain few significant figures, especially when resmax is within one or two orders of magnitude of tol. Indeed if resmaxtol, the elements bi may all be set to zero. It is therefore often advisable to compute the residuals directly.
7: tol Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input
On entry: a threshold below which numbers are regarded as zero. The recommended threshold value is 10.0×ε, where ε is the machine precision. If tol0.0 on entry, the recommended value is used within the routine. If premature termination occurs, a larger value for tol may result in a valid solution.
Suggested value: 0.0.
8: relerr Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input/Output
On entry: must be set to a bound on the relative error acceptable in the maximum residual at the solution.
If relerr0.0, the l solution is computed, and relerr is set to 0.0 on exit.
If relerr>0.0, the routine obtains instead an approximate solution for which the largest residual is less than 1.0+relerr times that of the l solution; on exit, relerr contains a smaller value such that the above bound still applies. (The usual result of this option, say with relerr=0.1, is a saving in the number of simplex iterations).
On exit: is altered as described above.
9: xn Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output
On exit: if ifail=0 or 1, xj contains the jth element of the solution vector x, for j=1,2,,n. Whether this is an l solution or an approximation to one, depends on the value of relerr on entry.
10: resmax Real (Kind=nag_wp) Output
On exit: if ifail=0 or 1, resmax contains the absolute value of the largest residual(s) for the solution vector x. (See b.)
11: irank Integer Output
On exit: if ifail=0 or 1, irank contains the computed rank of the matrix A.
12: iter Integer Output
On exit: if ifail=0 or 1, iter contains the number of iterations taken by the simplex method.
13: ifail Integer Input/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, -1 or 1 to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of 0 causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of -1 means that an error message is printed while a value of 1 means that it is not.
If halting is not appropriate, the value -1 or 1 is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, the value -1 is recommended since useful values can be provided in some output arguments even when ifail0 on exit. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
Note: in some cases e02gcf may return useful information.
ifail=1
An optimal solution has been obtained, but may not be unique.
ifail=2
Premature termination due to rounding errors. Try using larger value of tol: tol=value.
ifail=3
On entry, lda=value and n=value.
Constraint: ldan+3.
On entry, m=value and n=value.
Constraint: mn.
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n1.
On entry, sda=value and m=value.
Constraint: sdam+1.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

Experience suggests that the computational accuracy of the solution x is comparable with the accuracy that could be obtained by applying Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting to the n+1 equations which have residuals of largest absolute value. The accuracy therefore varies with the conditioning of the problem, but has been found generally very satisfactory in practice.

8 Parallelism and Performance

e02gcf is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

The effects of m and n on the time and on the number of iterations in the simplex method vary from problem to problem, but typically the number of iterations is a small multiple of n and the total time is approximately proportional to mn2.
It is recommended that, before the routine is entered, the columns of the matrix A are scaled so that the largest element in each column is of the order of unity. This should improve the conditioning of the matrix, and also enable the argument tol to perform its correct function. The solution x obtained will then, of course, relate to the scaled form of the matrix. Thus if the scaling is such that, for each j=1,2,,n, the elements of the jth column are multiplied by the constant kj, the element xj of the solution vector x must be multiplied by kj if it is desired to recover the solution corresponding to the original matrix A.

10 Example

This example approximates a set of data by a curve of the form
y=Ket+Le-t+M  
where K, L and M are unknown. Given values yi at 5 points ti we may form the over-determined set of equations for K, L and M
etiK+e-tiL+M=yi,  i=1,2,,5.  
e02gcf is used to solve these in the l sense.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (e02gcfe.f90)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (e02gcfe.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (e02gcfe.r)