NAG CL Interface
g01dac (normal_​scores_​exact)

1 Purpose

g01dac computes a set of Normal scores, i.e., the expected values of an ordered set of independent observations from a Normal distribution with mean 0.0 and standard deviation 1.0.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  g01dac (Integer n, double pp[], double etol, double *errest, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: g01dac, nag_stat_normal_scores_exact or nag_normal_scores_exact.

3 Description

If a sample of n observations from any distribution (which may be denoted by x1,x2,,xn), is sorted into ascending order, the rth smallest value in the sample is often referred to as the rth ‘order statistic’, sometimes denoted by xr (see Kendall and Stuart (1969)).
The order statistics therefore have the property
x1x2xn.  
(If n=2r+1, xr+1 is the sample median.)
For samples originating from a known distribution, the distribution of each order statistic in a sample of given size may be determined. In particular, the expected values of the order statistics may be found by integration. If the sample arises from a Normal distribution, the expected values of the order statistics are referred to as the ‘Normal scores’. The Normal scores provide a set of reference values against which the order statistics of an actual data sample of the same size may be compared, to provide an indication of Normality for the sample. A plot of the data against the scores gives a normal probability plot. Normal scores have other applications; for instance, they are sometimes used as alternatives to ranks in nonparametric testing procedures.
g01dac computes the rth Normal score for a given sample size n as
Exr=-xrdGr,  
where
dGr=Arr- 1 1-Arn-r d Ar β r,n-r+ 1 ,   Ar=12π -xre-t2/2 dt,   r= 1,2,,n,  
and β denotes the complete beta function.
The function attempts to evaluate the scores so that the estimated error in each score is less than the value etol specified by you. All integrations are performed in parallel and arranged so as to give good speed and reasonable accuracy.

4 References

Kendall M G and Stuart A (1969) The Advanced Theory of Statistics (Volume 1) (3rd Edition) Griffin

5 Arguments

1: n Integer Input
On entry: n, the size of the set.
Constraint: n>0.
2: pp[n] double Output
On exit: the Normal scores. pp[i-1] contains the value Exi, for i=1,2,,n.
3: etol double Input
On entry: the maximum value for the estimated absolute error in the computed scores.
Constraint: etol>0.0.
4: errest double * Output
On exit: a computed estimate of the maximum error in the computed scores (see Section 7).
5: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_ERROR_ESTIMATE
The function was unable to estimate the scores with estimated error less than etol. The best result obtained is returned together with the associated value of errest.
NE_INT
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n>0.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_REAL
On entry, etol=value.
Constraint: etol>0.0.

7 Accuracy

Errors are introduced by evaluation of the functions dGr and errors in the numerical integration process. Errors are also introduced by the approximation of the true infinite range of integration by a finite range a,b but a and b are chosen so that this effect is of lower order than that of the other two factors. In order to estimate the maximum error the functions dGr are also integrated over the range a,b. g01dac returns the estimated maximum error as
errest=maxr maxa,b× ab dGr-1.0 .  

8 Parallelism and Performance

g01dac is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

The time taken by g01dac depends on etol and n. For a given value of etol the timing varies approximately linearly with n.

10 Example

The program below generates the Normal scores for samples of size 5, 10, 15, and prints the scores and the computed error estimates.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g01dace.c)

10.2 Program Data

None.

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g01dace.r)
This shows a Q-Q plot for a randomly generated set of data. The normal scores have been calculated using g01dac and the sample quantiles obtained by sorting the observed data using m01cac. A reference line at y=x is also shown.
GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 4.6 patchlevel 3 −3 −2.5 −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 −2.5 −2 −1.5 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Sample Quantiles Normal Scores Example Program Q-Q Plot for a Random Set of Data Using Exact Normal Scores gnuplot_plot_1 gnuplot_plot_2