g13dxf calculates the zeros of a vector autoregressive (or moving average) operator. This routine is likely to be used in conjunction with g05pjf, g13asf, g13ddf or g13dsf.

2 Specification

Fortran Interface

Subroutine g13dxf (

k, ip, par, rr, ri, rmod, work, iwork, ifail)

Integer, Intent (In)	::	k, ip
Integer, Intent (Inout)	::	ifail
Integer, Intent (Out)	::	iwork(k*ip)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	par(ipkk)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	rr(kip), ri(kip), rmod(kip), work(kkipip)

C Header Interface

#include <nag.h>

void	g13dxf_ (const Integer k, const Integer ip, const double par[], double rr[], double ri[], double rmod[], double work[], Integer iwork[], Integer *ifail)

The routine may be called by the names g13dxf or nagf_tsa_uni_arma_roots.

3 Description

Consider the vector autoregressive moving average (VARMA) model

W_{t} - μ = ϕ_{1} (W_{t - 1} - μ) + ϕ_{2} (W_{t - 2} - μ) + \dots + ϕ_{p} (W_{t - p} - μ) + ε_{t} - θ_{1} ε_{t - 1} - θ_{2} ε_{t - 2} - \dots - θ_{q} ε_{t - q},

(1)

where

W_{t}

denotes a vector of

k

time series and

ε_{t}

is a vector of

k

residual series having zero mean and a constant variance-covariance matrix. The components of

ε_{t}

are also assumed to be uncorrelated at non-simultaneous lags.

ϕ_{1}, ϕ_{2}, \dots, ϕ_{p}

denotes a sequence of

k

k

matrices of autoregressive (AR) parameters and

θ_{1}, θ_{2}, \dots, θ_{q}

denotes a sequence of

k

k

matrices of moving average (MA) parameters.

μ

is a vector of length

k

containing the series means. Let

A (ϕ) = {[\begin{array}{r} ϕ_{1} & I & 0 & . & . & . & 0 \\ ϕ_{2} & 0 & I & 0 & . & . & 0 \\ . & . \\ . & . \\ . & . \\ ϕ_{p - 1} & 0 & . & . & . & 0 & I \\ ϕ_{p} & 0 & . & . & . & 0 & 0 \end{array}]}_{p k \times p k}

where

I

denotes the

k

k

identity matrix.

The model (1) is said to be stationary if the eigenvalues of

A (ϕ)

lie inside the unit circle. Similarly let

B (θ) = {[\begin{array}{r} θ_{1} & I & 0 & . & . & . & 0 \\ θ_{2} & 0 & I & 0 & . & . & 0 \\ . & . \\ . & . \\ . & . \\ θ_{q - 1} & 0 & . & . & . & 0 & I \\ θ_{q} & 0 & . & . & . & 0 & 0 \end{array}]}_{q k \times q k} .

Then the model is said to be invertible if the eigenvalues of

B (θ)

lie inside the unit circle.

g13dxf returns the

p k

eigenvalues of

A (ϕ)

(or the

q k

eigenvalues of

B (θ)

) along with their moduli, in descending order of magnitude. Thus to check for stationarity or invertibility you should check whether the modulus of the largest eigenvalue is less than

1

4 References

Wei W W S (1990) Time Series Analysis: Univariate and Multivariate Methods Addison–Wesley

5 Arguments

1: $k$ – Integer Input: On entry: $k$ , the dimension of the multivariate time series.

Constraint: $k \geq 1$ .
2: $ip$ – Integer Input: On entry: the number of AR (or MA) parameter matrices, $p$ (or $q$ ).

Constraint: $ip \geq 1$ .
3: $par (ip \times k \times k)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input: On entry: the AR (or MA) parameter matrices read in row by row in the order $ϕ_{1}, ϕ_{2}, \dots, ϕ_{p}$ (or $θ_{1}, θ_{2}, \dots, θ_{q}$ ). That is, $par ((l - 1) \times k \times k + (i - 1) \times k + j)$ must be set equal to the $(i, j)$ th element of $ϕ_{l}$ , for $l = 1, 2, \dots, p$ (or the $(i, j)$ th element of $θ_{l}$ , for $l = 1, 2, \dots, q$ ).
4: $rr (k \times ip)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output: On exit: the real parts of the eigenvalues.
5: $ri (k \times ip)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output: On exit: the imaginary parts of the eigenvalues.
6: $rmod (k \times ip)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output: On exit: the moduli of the eigenvalues.
7: $work (k \times k \times ip \times ip)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Workspace
8: $iwork (k \times ip)$ – Integer array Workspace
9: $ifail$ – Integer Input/Output: On entry: ifail must be set to $0$ , $- 1 or 1$ . If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 4 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value $- 1 or 1$ is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is $0$ . When the value $- 1 or 1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit: $ifail = 0$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

- 1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: On entry, $ip = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $ip \geq 1$ .

On entry, $k = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $k \geq 1$ .

$ifail = 2$: An excessive number of iterations have been required to calculate the eigenvalues.

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The accuracy of the results depends on the original matrix and the multiplicity of the roots.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g13dxf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

g13dxf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The time taken is approximately proportional to

k p^{3}

(or

k q^{3}

10 Example

This example finds the eigenvalues of

A (ϕ)

where

k = 2

and

p = 1

and

ϕ_{1} = [\begin{array}{r} 0.802 & 0.065 \\ 0.000 & 0.575 \end{array}]

Interfaces: FL CL AD

NAG FL Interface Introduction

G13 (Tsa) Chapter Contents

G13 (Tsa) Chapter Introduction

g13dx: FL CL AD

NAG FL Interfaceg13dxf (uni_​arma_​roots)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
g13dxf (uni_arma_roots)