NAG FL Interface
e04lyf (bounds_mod_deriv2_easy)
1
Purpose
e04lyf is an easy-to-use modified-Newton algorithm for finding a minimum of a function, subject to fixed upper and lower bounds on the independent variables, when first and second derivatives of are available. It is intended for functions which are continuous and which have continuous first and second derivatives (although it will usually work even if the derivatives have occasional discontinuities).
2
Specification
Fortran Interface
Subroutine e04lyf ( |
n, ibound, funct2, hess2, bl, bu, x, f, g, iw, liw, w, lw, iuser, ruser, ifail) |
Integer, Intent (In) |
:: |
n, ibound, liw, lw |
Integer, Intent (Inout) |
:: |
iuser(*), ifail |
Integer, Intent (Out) |
:: |
iw(liw) |
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) |
:: |
bl(n), bu(n), x(n), ruser(*) |
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) |
:: |
f, g(n), w(lw) |
External |
:: |
funct2, hess2 |
|
C Header Interface
#include <nag.h>
void |
e04lyf_ (const Integer *n, const Integer *ibound, void (NAG_CALL *funct2)(const Integer *n, const double xc[], double *fc, double gc[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]), void (NAG_CALL *hess2)(const Integer *n, const double xc[], double heslc[], const Integer *lh, double hesdc[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]), double bl[], double bu[], double x[], double *f, double g[], Integer iw[], const Integer *liw, double w[], const Integer *lw, Integer iuser[], double ruser[], Integer *ifail) |
|
C++ Header Interface
#include <nag.h> extern "C" {
void |
e04lyf_ (const Integer &n, const Integer &ibound, void (NAG_CALL *funct2)(const Integer &n, const double xc[], double &fc, double gc[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]), void (NAG_CALL *hess2)(const Integer &n, const double xc[], double heslc[], const Integer &lh, double hesdc[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]), double bl[], double bu[], double x[], double &f, double g[], Integer iw[], const Integer &liw, double w[], const Integer &lw, Integer iuser[], double ruser[], Integer &ifail) |
}
|
The routine may be called by the names e04lyf or nagf_opt_bounds_mod_deriv2_easy.
3
Description
e04lyf is applicable to problems of the form:
when first and second derivatives of
are available.
Special provision is made for problems which actually have no bounds on the , problems which have only non-negativity bounds and problems in which and . You must supply a subroutine to calculate the values of and its first derivatives at any point and a subroutine to calculate the second derivatives.
From a starting point you supplied there is generated, on the basis of estimates of the curvature of , a sequence of feasible points which is intended to converge to a local minimum of the constrained function.
4
References
Gill P E and Murray W (1976) Minimization subject to bounds on the variables NPL Report NAC 72 National Physical Laboratory
5
Arguments
-
1:
– Integer
Input
-
On entry: the number of independent variables.
Constraint:
.
-
2:
– Integer
Input
-
On entry: indicates whether the facility for dealing with bounds of special forms is to be used. It must be set to one of the following values:
- If you are supplying all the and individually.
- If there are no bounds on any .
- If all the bounds are of the form .
- If and .
Constraint:
.
-
3:
– Subroutine, supplied by the user.
External Procedure
-
You must supply this routine to calculate the values of the function
and its first derivatives
at any point
. It should be tested separately before being used in conjunction with
e04lyf (see the
E04 Chapter Introduction).
The specification of
funct2 is:
Fortran Interface
Integer, Intent (In) |
:: |
n |
Integer, Intent (Inout) |
:: |
iuser(*) |
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) |
:: |
xc(n) |
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) |
:: |
ruser(*) |
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) |
:: |
fc, gc(n) |
|
C Header Interface
void |
funct2_ (const Integer *n, const double xc[], double *fc, double gc[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]) |
|
C++ Header Interface
#include <nag.h> extern "C" {
void |
funct2_ (const Integer &n, const double xc[], double &fc, double gc[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]) |
}
|
-
1:
– Integer
Input
-
On entry: the number of variables.
-
2:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Input
-
On entry: the point at which the function and its derivatives are required.
-
3:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp)
Output
-
On exit: the value of the function at the current point .
-
4:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Output
-
On exit: must be set to the value of the first derivative at the point , for .
-
5:
– Integer array
User Workspace
-
6:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
User Workspace
-
funct2 is called with the arguments
iuser and
ruser as supplied to
e04lyf. You should use the arrays
iuser and
ruser to supply information to
funct2.
funct2 must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which
e04lyf is called. Arguments denoted as
Input must
not be changed by this procedure.
Note: funct2 should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by
e04lyf. If your code inadvertently
does return any NaNs or infinities,
e04lyf is likely to produce unexpected results.
-
4:
– Subroutine, supplied by the user.
External Procedure
-
You must supply this routine to evaluate the elements
of the matrix of second derivatives of
at any point
. It should be tested separately before being used in conjunction with
e04lyf (see the
E04 Chapter Introduction).
The specification of
hess2 is:
Fortran Interface
Integer, Intent (In) |
:: |
n, lh |
Integer, Intent (Inout) |
:: |
iuser(*) |
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In) |
:: |
xc(n) |
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout) |
:: |
ruser(*) |
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out) |
:: |
heslc(lh), hesdc(n) |
|
C Header Interface
void |
hess2_ (const Integer *n, const double xc[], double heslc[], const Integer *lh, double hesdc[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]) |
|
C++ Header Interface
#include <nag.h> extern "C" {
void |
hess2_ (const Integer &n, const double xc[], double heslc[], const Integer &lh, double hesdc[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]) |
}
|
-
1:
– Integer
Input
-
On entry: the number of variables.
-
2:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Input
-
On entry: the point at which the derivatives are required.
-
3:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Output
-
On exit:
hess2 must place the strict lower triangle of the second derivative matrix
in
heslc, stored by rows, i.e., set
, for
and
. (The upper triangle is not required because the matrix is symmetric.)
-
4:
– Integer
Input
-
On entry: the length of the array
heslc.
-
5:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Output
-
On exit: must contain the diagonal elements of the second derivative matrix, i.e., set
, for .
-
6:
– Integer array
User Workspace
-
7:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
User Workspace
-
hess2 is called with the arguments
iuser and
ruser as supplied to
e04lyf. You should use the arrays
iuser and
ruser to supply information to
hess2.
hess2 must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which
e04lyf is called. Arguments denoted as
Input must
not be changed by this procedure.
Note: hess2 should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by
e04lyf. If your code inadvertently
does return any NaNs or infinities,
e04lyf is likely to produce unexpected results.
-
5:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Input/Output
-
On entry: the lower bounds
.
If
ibound is set to
,
must be set to
, for
. (If a lower bound is not specified for any
, the corresponding
should be set to
.)
If
ibound is set to
, you must set
to
;
e04lyf will then set the remaining elements of
bl equal to
.
On exit: the lower bounds actually used by e04lyf.
-
6:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Input/Output
-
On entry: the upper bounds
.
If
ibound is set to
,
must be set to
, for
. (If an upper bound is not specified for any
the corresponding
should be set to
.)
If
ibound is set to
, you must set
to
;
e04lyf will then set the remaining elements of
bu equal to
.
On exit: the upper bounds actually used by e04lyf.
-
7:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Input/Output
-
On entry: must be set to a guess at the th component of the position of the minimum, for . The routine checks the gradient and the Hessian matrix at the starting point, and is more likely to detect any error in your programming if the initial are nonzero and mutually distinct.
On exit: the lowest point found during the calculations. Thus, if on exit, is the th component of the position of the minimum.
-
8:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp)
Output
-
On exit: the value of
corresponding to the final point stored in
x.
-
9:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Output
-
On exit: the value of
corresponding to the final point stored in
x, for
; the value of
for variables not on a bound should normally be close to zero.
-
10:
– Integer array
Workspace
-
11:
– Integer
Input
-
On entry: the dimension of the array
iw as declared in the (sub)program from which
e04lyf is called.
Constraint:
.
-
12:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
Workspace
-
13:
– Integer
Input
-
On entry: the dimension of the array
w as declared in the (sub)program from which
e04lyf is called.
Constraint:
.
-
14:
– Integer array
User Workspace
-
15:
– Real (Kind=nag_wp) array
User Workspace
-
iuser and
ruser are not used by
e04lyf, but are passed directly to
funct2 and
hess2 and may be used to pass information to these routines.
-
16:
– Integer
Input/Output
-
On entry:
ifail must be set to
,
. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to
Section 4 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output arguments may be useful even if
on exit, the recommended value is
.
When the value is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit:
unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see
Section 6).
6
Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
or
, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
Note: in some cases e04lyf may return useful information.
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, and for some .
On entry, and .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
-
There have been function evaluations.
The algorithm does not seem to be converging. The calculations can be restarted from the final point held in
x. The error may also indicate that
has no minimum.
-
The conditions for a minimum have not all been satisfied, but a lower point could not be found. See
Section 7 for further information.
-
It is probable that a local minimum has been found, but it cannot be guaranteed.
-
It is possible that a local minimum has been found, but it cannot be guaranteed.
-
It is unlikely that a local minimum has been found.
-
It is very unlikely that a local minimum has been found.
-
The modulus of a variable has become very large. There may be a mistake in your supplied routines, your problem has no finite solution, or the problem needs rescaling.
-
It is very likely that you have made an error forming the gradient.
-
It is very likely that you have made an error forming the 2nd derivatives.
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please
contact
NAG.
See
Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See
Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See
Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.
If you are dissatisfied with the result (e.g., because , , or ), it is worth restarting the calculations from a different starting point (not the point at which the failure occurred) in order to avoid the region which caused the failure.
7
Accuracy
When a successful exit is made then, for a computer with a mantissa of decimals, one would expect to get about decimals accuracy in , and about decimals accuracy in , provided the problem is reasonably well scaled.
8
Parallelism and Performance
e04lyf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the
X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the
Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
The number of iterations required depends on the number of variables, the behaviour of
and the distance of the starting point from the solution. The number of operations performed in an iteration of
e04lyf is roughly proportional to
. In addition, each iteration makes one call of
hess2 and at least one call of
funct2. So, unless
, the gradient vector and the matrix of second derivatives can be evaluated very quickly, the run time will be dominated by the time spent in user-supplied subroutines
funct2 and
hess2.
Ideally the problem should be scaled so that at the solution the value of and the corresponding values of are each in the range , and so that at points a unit distance away from the solution, is approximately a unit value greater than at the minimum. It is unlikely that you will be able to follow these recommendations very closely, but it is worth trying (by guesswork), as sensible scaling will reduce the difficulty of the minimization problem, so that e04lyf will take less computer time.
10
Example
A program to minimize
subject to
starting from the initial guess
. (In practice, it is worth trying to make user-supplied subroutines
funct2 and
hess2 as efficient as possible. This has not been done in the example program for reasons of clarity.)
10.1
Program Text
10.2
Program Data
None.
10.3
Program Results