void	g08edc (Integer n, const double x[], Integer num_gaps, Integer max_gap, double lower, double upper, double length, double chi, double df, double prob, NagError fail)

The function may be called by the names: g08edc, nag_nonpar_randtest_gaps or nag_gaps_test.

3 Description

Gaps tests are used to test for cyclical trend in a sequence of observations. g08edc computes certain statistics for the gaps test.

The term gap is used to describe the distance between two numbers in the sequence that lie in the interval

(r_{l}, r_{u})

. That is, a gap ends at

x_{j}

r_{l} \leq x_{j} \leq r_{u}

. The next gap then begins at

x_{j + 1}

. The interval

(r_{l}, r_{u})

should lie within the region of all possible numbers. For example if the test is carried out on a sequence of

(0, 1)

random numbers then the interval

(r_{l}, r_{u})

must be contained in the whole interval

(0, 1)

. Let

t_{len}

be the length of the interval which specifies all possible numbers.

g08edc counts the number of gaps of different lengths. Let

c_{i}

denote the number of gaps of length

i

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, k - 1

. The number of gaps of length

k

or greater is then denoted by

c_{k}

. An unfinished gap at the end of a sequence is not counted. The following is a trivial example.

Suppose we called g08edc with the following sequence and with

r_{l} = 0.30

and

r_{u} = 0.60

$0.20$ $0.40$ $0.45$ $0.40$ $0.15$ $0.75$ $0.95$ $0.23 0.27$ $0.40$ $0.25$ $0.10$ $0.34$ $0.39$ $0.61$ $0.12$ .

g08edc would have counted the gaps of the following lengths:

$2$ , $1$ , $1$ , $6$ , $3$ and $1$ .

When the counting of gaps is complete g08edc computes the expected values of the counts. An approximate

χ^{2}

statistic with

k

degrees of freedom is computed where

X^{2} = \frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{k} {(c_{i} - e_{i})}^{2}}{e_{i}},

where

$e_{i} = ngaps \times p \times {(1 - p)}^{i - 1}$ , if $i < k$ ;
$e_{i} = ngaps \times {(1 - p)}^{i - 1}$ , if $i = k$ ;
$ngaps =$ the number of gaps found and
$p = (r_{u} - r_{l}) / t_{len}$ .

The use of the

χ^{2}

-distribution as an approximation to the exact distribution of the test statistic improves as the expected values increase.

You may specify the total number of gaps to be found. If the specified number of gaps is found before the end of a sequence g08edc will exit before counting any further gaps.

4 References

Dagpunar J (1988) Principles of Random Variate Generation Oxford University Press

Knuth D E (1981) The Art of Computer Programming (Volume 2) (2nd Edition) Addison–Wesley

Morgan B J T (1984) Elements of Simulation Chapman and Hall

Ripley B D (1987) Stochastic Simulation Wiley

5 Arguments

1: $n$ – Integer Input: On entry: $n$ , the length of the current sequence of observations.

Constraint: $n \geq 1$ .
2: $x [n]$ – const double Input: On entry: the sequence of observations.
3: $num_gaps$ – Integer Input: On entry: the maximum number of gaps to be sought. If $num_gaps \leq 0$ then there is no limit placed on the number of gaps that are found.

Constraint: $num_gaps \leq n$ .
4: $max_gap$ – Integer Input: On entry: $k$ , the length of the longest gap for which tabulation is desired.

Constraint: $1 < max_gap \leq n$ .
5: $lower$ – double Input: On entry: the lower limit of the interval to be used to define the gaps, $r_{l}$ .
6: $upper$ – double Input: On entry: the upper limit of the interval to be used to define the gaps, $r_{u}$ .

Constraint: $upper > lower$ .
7: $length$ – double Input: On entry: the total length of the interval which contains all possible numbers that may arise in the sequence.

Constraint: $length > 0.0$ and $upper - lower < length$ .
8: $chi$ – double * Output: On exit: contains the $χ^{2}$ test statistic, $X^{2}$ , for testing the null hypothesis of randomness.
9: $df$ – double * Output: On exit: contains the degrees of freedom for the $χ^{2}$ statistic.
10: $prob$ – double * Output: On exit: contains the upper tail probability associated with the $χ^{2}$ test statistic, i.e., the significance level.
11: $fail$ – NagError * Input/Output: The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_2_INT_ARG_GT: On entry, $num_gaps = 〈value〉$ and $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $num_gaps \leq n$ .
NE_2_REAL_ARG_GE: On entry, $lower = 〈value〉$ and $upper = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $upper > lower$ .
NE_3_REAL_ARG_CONS: On entry, $lower = 〈value〉$ , $upper = 〈value〉$ and $length = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $upper - lower < length$ .
NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $〈value〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_G08ED_FREQ_LT_ONE: The expected frequency of at least one class is less than $1$ .
This implies that the $χ^{2}$ may not be a very good approximation to the distribution of the test statistics.
All statistics are returned and may still be of use.
NE_G08ED_FREQ_ZERO: The expected frequency in class $i = 〈value〉$ is zero. The value of $(upper - lower) / length$ may be too close to $0.0 or 1.0$ . or max_gap is too large relative to the number of gaps found.
NE_G08ED_GAPS: The number of gaps requested were not found, only $〈value〉$ out of the requested $〈value〉$ where found.
All statistics are returned and may still be of use.
NE_G08ED_GAPS_ZERO: No gaps were found. Try using a longer sequence, or increase the size of the interval $upper - lower$ .
NE_INT_2: On entry, $max_gap = 〈value〉$ and $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $1 < max_gap \leq n$ .
NE_INT_ARG_LT: On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 1$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_REAL_ARG_LE: On entry, $length = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $length > 0.0$ .

7 Accuracy

The computations are believed to be stable. The computation of prob given the values of chi and df will obtain a relative accuracy of five significant places for most cases.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g08edc is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

The time taken by g08edc increases with the number of observations

n

10 Example

The following program performs the gaps test on

5000

pseudorandom numbers taken from a uniform distribution

U (0, 1)

, generated by g05sqc. All gaps of length

10

or more are counted together.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g08edce.c)

10.2 Program Data

None.

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g08edce.r)

NAG Library Manual, Mark 27

Interfaces: FL CL AD

NAG CL Interface Introduction

G08 (Nonpar) Chapter Contents

G08 (Nonpar) Chapter Introduction

g08ed: FL CL AD

NAG CL Interfaceg08edc (randtest_​gaps)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification