NAG CL Interface
g02dec (linregm_​var_​add)

1 Purpose

g02dec adds a new independent variable to a general linear regression model.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  g02dec (Integer n, Integer ip, double q[], Integer tdq, double p[], const double wt[], const double x[], double *rss, double tol, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: g02dec, nag_correg_linregm_var_add or nag_regsn_mult_linear_add_var.

3 Description

A linear regression model may be built up by adding new independent variables to an existing model. g02dec updates the QR decomposition used in the computation of the linear regression model. The QR decomposition may come from g02dac or a previous call to g02dec. The general linear regression model is defined by:
y = X β + ε  
where y is a vector of n observations on the dependent variable, X is an n by p matrix of the independent variables of column rank k , β is a vector of length p of unknown arguments, and ε is a vector of length n of unknown random errors such that var ε = V σ 2 , where V is a known diagonal matrix.
If V=I , the identity matrix, then least squares estimation is used.
If VI , then for a given weight matrix W V -1 , weighted least squares estimation is used.
The least squares estimates, β ^ of the arguments β minimize y-X β T y-X β while the weighted least squares estimates minimize y-X β T W y-X β .
The parameter estimates may be found by computing a QR decomposition of X (or W 1 2 X in the weighted case), i.e.,
X = QR * or ​ W 1 2 X = QR *  
where R * = R 0 and R is a p by p upper triangular matrix and Q is an n by n orthogonal matrix. If R is of full rank, then β ^ is the solution to:
R β ^ = c 1  
where c = QT y (or QT W 1 2 y ) and c 1 is the first p elements of c .
If R is not of full rank a solution is obtained by means of a singular value decomposition (SVD) of R .
To add a new independent variable, x p+1 , R and c have to be updated. The matrix Q p+1 is found such that Qp+1T R : QT x p+1 (or Qp+1T R : QT W 1 2 x p+1 ) is upper triangular. The vector c is then updated by multiplying by Qp+1T .
The new independent variable is tested to see if it is linearly related to the existing independent variables by checking that at least one of the values QT x p+1 i , for i = p + 2 , p + 3 , , n is nonzero.
The new parameter estimates, β ^ , can then be obtained by a call to g02ddc.
The function can be used with p=0 , in which case R and c are initialized.

4 References

Draper N R and Smith H (1985) Applied Regression Analysis (2nd Edition) Wiley
Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Hammarling S (1985) The singular value decomposition in multivariate statistics SIGNUM Newsl. 20(3) 2–25
McCullagh P and Nelder J A (1983) Generalized Linear Models Chapman and Hall
Searle S R (1971) Linear Models Wiley

5 Arguments

1: n Integer Input
On entry: the number of observations, n .
Constraint: n1 .
2: ip Integer Input
On entry: the number of independent variables already in the model, p .
Constraint: ip0 and ip<n .
3: q[n×tdq] double Input/Output
Note: the i,jth element of the matrix Q is stored in q[i-1×tdq+j-1].
On entry: if ip0 , then q must contain the results of the QR decomposition for the model with p arguments as returned by g02dac or a previous call to g02dec.
If ip=0 , then the first column of q should contain the n values of the dependent variable, y .
On exit: the results of the QR decomposition for the model with p+1 arguments: the first column of q contains the updated value of c , the columns 2 to ip+1 are unchanged, the first ip+1 elements of column ip+2 contain the new column of R, while the remaining n - ip - 1 elements contain details of the matrix Q p+1 .
4: tdq Integer Input
On entry: the stride separating matrix column elements in the array q.
Constraint: tdq ip + 2 .
5: p[ip+1] double Input/Output
On entry: p contains further details of the QR decomposition used. The first ip elements of p must contain details of the Householder vector from the QR decomposition. The first ip elements of array p are provided by g02dac or by previous calls to g02dec.
On exit: the first ip elements of p are unchanged and the (ip+1)th element contains details of the Householder vector related to the new independent variable.
6: wt[n] const double Input
On entry: optionally, the weights to be used in the weighted regression.
If wt[i-1]=0.0, then the ith observation is not included in the model, in which case the effective number of observations is the number of observations with nonzero weights.
If weights are not provided then wt must be set to NULL and the effective number of observations is n.
Constraint: if wtis notNULL, wt[i-1]=0.0, for i=1,2,,n.
7: x[n] const double Input
On entry: the new independent variable, x .
8: rss double * Output
On exit: the residual sum of squares for the new fitted model.
Note: this will only be valid if the model is of full rank, see Section 9.
9: tol double Input
On entry: the value of tol is used to decide if the new independent variable is linearly related to independent variables already included in the model. If the new variable is linearly related then c is not updated. The smaller the value of tol the stricter the criterion for deciding if there is a linear relationship.
Suggested value: tol=0.000001 .
Constraint: tol>0.0 .
10: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_2_INT_ARG_GE
On entry, ip=value while n=value . These arguments must satisfy ip<n .
NE_2_INT_ARG_LT
On entry, tdq=value while ip + 2 = value. These arguments must satisfy tdq ip + 2 .
NE_INT_ARG_LT
On entry, ip=value.
Constraint: ip0.
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n1.
NE_NVAR_NOT_IND
The new independent variable is a linear combination of existing variables. The ip+1 th column of q is, therefore, NULL.
NE_REAL_ARG_LE
On entry, tol must not be less than or equal to 0.0: tol=value .
NE_REAL_ARG_LT
On entry, wt[value] must not be less than 0.0: wt[value] = value.

7 Accuracy

The accuracy is closely related to the accuracy of the QR decomposition.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g02dec makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

It should be noted that the residual sum of squares produced by g02dec may not be correct if the model to which the new independent variable is added is not of full rank. In such a case g02ddc should be used to calculate the residual sum of squares.

10 Example

A dataset consisting of 12 observations is read in. The four independent variables are stored in the array x while the dependent variable is read into the first column of q. If the character variable meanc indicates that a mean should be included in the model, a variable taking the value 1.0 for all observations is set up and fitted. Subsequently, one variable at a time is selected to enter the model as indicated by the input value of indx. After the variable has been added the parameter estimates are calculated by g02ddc and the results printed. This is repeated until the input value of indx is 0.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (g02dece.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (g02dece.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (g02dece.r)