Integer, Intent (In)	::	m, n, ldp
Integer, Intent (Inout)	::	ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	sm(m), s, t(n), sigma, r, q
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout)	::	p(ldp,n)
Character (1), Intent (In)	::	calput

C Header Interface

#include <nag.h>

void	s30baf_ (const char calput, const Integer m, const Integer n, const double sm[], const double s, const double t[], const double sigma, const double r, const double q, double p[], const Integer ldp, Integer *ifail, const Charlen length_calput)

The routine may be called by the names s30baf or nagf_specfun_opt_lookback_fls_price.

3 Description

s30baf computes the price of a floating-strike lookback call or put option. A call option of this type confers the right to buy the underlying asset at the lowest price,

S_{\min}

, observed during the lifetime of the contract. A put option gives the holder the right to sell the underlying asset at the maximum price,

S_{\max}

, observed during the lifetime of the contract. Thus, at expiry, the payoff for a call option is

S - S_{\min}

, and for a put,

S_{\max} - S

For a given minimum value the price of a floating-strike lookback call with underlying asset price,

S

, and time to expiry,

T

, is

P_{call} = S e^{- q T} Φ (a_{1}) - S_{\min} e^{- r T} Φ (a_{2}) + S e^{- r T} \frac{σ^{2}}{2 b} [{(\frac{S}{S_{\min}})}^{- 2 b / σ^{2}} Φ ({- a}_{1} + \frac{2 b}{σ} \sqrt{T}) {- e}^{b T} Φ ({- a}_{1})],

where

b = r - q \neq 0

. The volatility,

σ

, risk-free interest rate,

r

, and annualised dividend yield,

q

, are constants. When

r = q

, the option price is given by

P_{call} = S e^{- q T} Φ (a_{1}) - S_{\min} e^{- r T} Φ (a_{2}) + S e^{- r T} σ \sqrt{T} [ϕ (a_{1}) + a_{1} (Φ (a_{1}) - 1)] .

The corresponding put price is (for

b \neq 0

P_{put} = S_{\max} e^{- r T} Φ ({- a}_{2}) - S e^{- q T} Φ ({- a}_{1}) + S e^{- r T} \frac{σ^{2}}{2 b} [- {(\frac{S}{S_{\max}})}^{- 2 b / σ^{2}} Φ (a_{1} - \frac{2 b}{σ} \sqrt{T}) + e^{b T} Φ (a_{1})] .

When

r = q

P_{put} = S_{\max} e^{- r T} Φ ({- a}_{2}) - S e^{- q T} Φ ({- a}_{1}) + S e^{- r T} σ \sqrt{T} [ϕ (a_{1}) + a_{1} Φ (a_{1})] .

In the above,

Φ

denotes the cumulative Normal distribution function,

Φ (x) = \int_{- \infty}^{x} ϕ (y) d y

where

ϕ

denotes the standard Normal probability density function

ϕ (y) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 π}} \exp (- y^{2} / 2)

and

\begin{array}{l} a_{1} = \frac{\ln (S / S_{m}) + (b + σ^{2} / 2) T}{σ \sqrt{T}} \\ a_{2} = a_{1} - σ \sqrt{T} \end{array}

where

S_{m}

is taken to be the minimum price attained by the underlying asset,

S_{\min}

, for a call and the maximum price,

S_{\max}

, for a put.

The option price

P_{i j} = P (X = X_{i}, T = T_{j})

is computed for each minimum or maximum observed price in a set

S_{\min} (i)

S_{\max} (i)

i = 1, 2, \dots, m

, and for each expiry time in a set

T_{j}

j = 1, 2, \dots, n

4 References

Goldman B M, Sosin H B and Gatto M A (1979) Path dependent options: buy at the low, sell at the high Journal of Finance 34 1111–1127

5 Arguments

1: $calput$ – Character(1) Input

On entry: determines whether the option is a call or a put.

$calput ='C'$: A call; the holder has a right to buy.
$calput ='P'$: A put; the holder has a right to sell.

Constraint:

calput ='C'

'P'

2: $m$ – Integer Input

On entry: the number of minimum or maximum prices to be used.

Constraint:

m \geq 1

3: $n$ – Integer Input

On entry: the number of times to expiry to be used.

Constraint:

n \geq 1

4: $sm (m)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input

On entry:

sm (i)

must contain

S_{\min} (i)

, the

i

th minimum observed price of the underlying asset when

calput ='C'

, or

S_{\max} (i)

, the maximum observed price when

calput ='P'

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, m

Constraints:

$sm (i) \geq z and sm (i) \leq 1 / z$ , where $z = x02amf ()$ , the safe range parameter, for $i = 1, 2, \dots, m$ ;
if $calput ='C'$ , $sm (i) \leq S$ , for $i = 1, 2, \dots, m$ ;
if $calput ='P'$ , $sm (i) \geq S$ , for $i = 1, 2, \dots, m$ .

5: $s$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input

On entry:

S

, the price of the underlying asset.

Constraint:

s \geq z ​ and ​ s \leq 1.0 / z

, where

z = x02amf ()

, the safe range parameter.

6: $t (n)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input

On entry:

t (i)

must contain

T_{i}

, the

i

th time, in years, to expiry, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

Constraint:

t (i) \geq z

, where

z = x02amf ()

, the safe range parameter, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

7: $sigma$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input

On entry:

σ

, the volatility of the underlying asset. Note that a rate of 15% should be entered as

0.15

Constraint:

sigma > 0.0

8: $r$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input

On entry:

r

, the annual risk-free interest rate, continuously compounded. Note that a rate of 5% should be entered as

0.05

Constraint:

r \geq 0.0

9: $q$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input

On entry:

q

, the annual continuous yield rate. Note that a rate of 8% should be entered as

0.08

Constraint:

q \geq 0.0

10: $p (ldp, n)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output

On exit:

p (i, j)

contains

P_{i j}

, the option price evaluated for the minimum or maximum observed price

S_{\min} (i)

S_{\max} (i)

at expiry

t_{j}

for

i = 1, 2, \dots, m

and

j = 1, 2, \dots, n

11: $ldp$ – Integer Input

On entry: the first dimension of the array p as declared in the (sub)program from which s30baf is called.

Constraint:

ldp \geq m

12: $ifail$ – Integer Input/Output

On entry: ifail must be set to

0

−1

1

to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.

A value of

0

causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of

−1

means that an error message is printed while a value of

1

means that it is not.

If halting is not appropriate, the value

−1

1

is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value

1

is recommended. Otherwise, the value

0

is recommended. When the value $- 1$ or $1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit:

ifail = 0

unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

−1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: On entry, $calput = ⟨ value ⟩$ was an illegal value.

$ifail = 2$: On entry, $m = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $m \geq 1$ .

$ifail = 3$: On entry, $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 1$ .

$ifail = 4$: On entry, $sm (⟨ value ⟩) = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $⟨ value ⟩ \leq sm (i) \leq ⟨ value ⟩$ for all $i$ .

On entry with a call option, $sm (⟨ value ⟩) = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: for call options, $sm (i) \leq ⟨ value ⟩$ for all $i$ .

On entry with a put option, $sm (⟨ value ⟩) = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: for put options, $sm (i) \geq ⟨ value ⟩$ for all $i$ .

$ifail = 5$: On entry, $s = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $s \geq ⟨ value ⟩$ and $s \leq ⟨ value ⟩$ .

$ifail = 6$: On entry, $t (⟨ value ⟩) = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $t (i) \geq ⟨ value ⟩$ for all $i$ .

$ifail = 7$: On entry, $sigma = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $sigma > 0.0$ .

$ifail = 8$: On entry, $r = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $r \geq 0.0$ .

$ifail = 9$: On entry, $q = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $q \geq 0.0$ .

$ifail = 11$: On entry, $ldp = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $m = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $ldp \geq m$ .

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The accuracy of the output is dependent on the accuracy of the cumulative Normal distribution function,

Φ

. This is evaluated using a rational Chebyshev expansion, chosen so that the maximum relative error in the expansion is of the order of the machine precision (see s15abf and s15adf). An accuracy close to machine precision can generally be expected.

8 Parallelism and Performance

s30baf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example computes the price of a floating-strike lookback call with a time to expiry of

6

months and a stock price of

120

. The minimum price observed so far is

100

. The risk-free interest rate is

10 %

per year and the volatility is

30 %

per year with an annual dividend return of

6 %

s30ba: FL CL CPP AD

NAG FL Interfaces30baf (opt_​lookback_​fls_​price)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
s30baf (opt_lookback_fls_price)