1: $x$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) Input: On entry: the argument $x$ of the function.

Constraint: $x > 0.0$ .
2: $ifail$ – Integer Input/Output: On entry: ifail must be set to $0$ , $−1$ or $1$ to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of $0$ causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of $−1$ means that an error message is printed while a value of $1$ means that it is not.

If halting is not appropriate, the value $−1$ or $1$ is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, the value $0$ is recommended. When the value $- 1$ or $1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit: $ifail = 0$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

−1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: On entry, $x = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $x > 0.0$ .
$K_{0}$ is undefined and the function returns zero.

$ifail = 2$: On entry, $x = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $x > ⟨ value ⟩$ .
x is too small, there is a danger of overflow and the function returns approximately the largest representable value.

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

Let

δ

and

ε

be the relative errors in the argument and result respectively.

δ

is somewhat larger than the machine precision (i.e., if

δ

is due to data errors etc.), then

ε

and

δ

are approximately related by:

ε ≃ | \frac{x K_{0} (x) - K_{1} (x)}{K_{1} (x)} | δ .

Figure 1 shows the behaviour of the error amplification factor

| \frac{x K_{0} (x) - K_{1} (x)}{K_{1} (x)} | .

However, if

δ

is of the same order as the machine precision, then rounding errors could make

ε

slightly larger than the above relation predicts.

For small

x

ε ≃ δ

and there is no amplification of errors.

For large

x

ε ≃ x δ

and we have strong amplification of the relative error. Eventually

K_{1}

, which is asymptotically given by

\frac{e^{- x}}{\sqrt{x}}

, becomes so small that it cannot be calculated without underflow and hence the routine will return zero. Note that for large

x

the errors will be dominated by those of the standard function exp.

Figure 1

8 Parallelism and Performance

s18adf is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example reads values of the argument

x

from a file, evaluates the function at each value of

x

and prints the results.

s18ad: FL CL CPP AD

NAG FL Interfaces18adf (bessel_​k1_​real)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
s18adf (bessel_k1_real)