Integer, Intent (In)	::	mode, n, m, ldc, lr, ldx
Integer, Intent (Inout)	::	state(*), ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	c(ldc,m)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout)	::	r(lr), x(ldx,*)

C Header Interface

#include <nag.h>

void	g05rdf_ (const Integer mode, const Integer n, const Integer m, const double c[], const Integer ldc, double r[], const Integer lr, Integer state[], double x[], const Integer ldx, Integer *ifail)

The routine may be called by the names g05rdf or nagf_rand_copula_normal.

3 Description

The Gaussian copula,

G

, is defined by

G (u_{1}, u_{2}, \dots, u_{m}; C) = Φ_{C} (ϕ_{C_{11}}^{−1} (u_{1}), ϕ_{C_{22}}^{−1} (u_{2}), \dots, ϕ_{C_{mm}}^{−1} (u_{m}))

where

m

is the number of dimensions,

Φ_{C}

is the multivariate Normal density function with mean zero and covariance matrix

C

and

ϕ_{C_{ii}}^{−1}

is the inverse of the univariate Normal density function with mean zero and variance

C_{ii}

g05rzf is used to generate a vector from a multivariate Normal distribution and g01eaf is used to convert each element of that vector into a uniformly distributed value between zero and one.

One of the initialization routines g05kff (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or g05kgf (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to g05rdf.

4 References

Nelsen R B (1998) An Introduction to Copulas. Lecture Notes in Statistics 139 Springer

Sklar A (1973) Random variables: joint distribution functions and copulas Kybernetika 9 499–460

5 Arguments

1: $mode$ – Integer Input

On entry: a code for selecting the operation to be performed by the routine.

$mode = 0$: Set up reference vector only.
$mode = 1$: Generate variates using reference vector set up in a prior call to g05rdf.
$mode = 2$: Set up reference vector and generate variates.

Constraint:

mode = 0

1

2

2: $n$ – Integer Input

On entry:

n

, the number of random variates required.

Constraint:

n \geq 0

3: $m$ – Integer Input

On entry:

m

, the number of dimensions of the distribution.

Constraint:

m > 0

4: $c (ldc, m)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input

On entry: the covariance matrix of the distribution. Only the upper triangle need be set.

Constraint:

C

must be positive semidefinite to machine precision.

5: $ldc$ – Integer Input

On entry: the first dimension of the array c as declared in the (sub)program from which g05rdf is called.

Constraint:

ldc \geq m

6: $r (lr)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Communication Array

On entry: if

mode = 1

, the reference vector as set up by g05rdf in a previous call with

mode = 0

2

On exit: if

mode = 0

2

, the reference vector that can be used in subsequent calls to g05rdf with

mode = 1

7: $lr$ – Integer Input

On entry: the dimension of the array r as declared in the (sub)program from which g05rdf is called. If

mode = 1

, it must be the same as the value of lr specified in the prior call to g05rdf with

mode = 0

2

Constraint:

lr \geq m \times (m + 1) + 1

8: $state (*)$ – Integer array Communication Array

Note: the actual argument supplied must be the array state supplied to the initialization routines g05kff or g05kgf.

On entry: contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.

On exit: contains updated information on the state of the generator.

9: $x (ldx, *)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Output

Note: the second dimension of the array x must be at least

m

On exit: the array of values from a multivariate Gaussian copula, with

x (i, j)

holding the

j

th dimension for the

i

th variate.

10: $ldx$ – Integer Input

On entry: the first dimension of the array x as declared in the (sub)program from which g05rdf is called.

Constraint:

ldx \geq n

11: $ifail$ – Integer Input/Output

On entry: ifail must be set to

0

−1

1

to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.

A value of

0

causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of

−1

means that an error message is printed while a value of

1

means that it is not.

If halting is not appropriate, the value

−1

1

is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value

1

is recommended. Otherwise, the value

0

is recommended. When the value $- 1$ or $1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit:

ifail = 0

unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

−1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: On entry, $mode = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $mode = 0$ , $1$ or $2$ .

$ifail = 2$: On entry, $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .

$ifail = 3$: On entry, $m = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $m > 0$ .

$ifail = 4$: On entry, the covariance matrix $C$ is not positive semidefinite to machine precision.

$ifail = 5$: On entry, $ldc = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $m = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $ldc \geq m$ .

$ifail = 6$: m is not the same as when r was set up in a previous call.
Previous value of $m = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $m = ⟨ value ⟩$ .

$ifail = 7$: On entry, lr is not large enough, $lr = ⟨ value ⟩$ : minimum length required $= ⟨ value ⟩$ .

$ifail = 8$: On entry, state vector has been corrupted or not initialized.

$ifail = 10$: On entry, $ldx = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $ldx \geq n$ .

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

See Section 7 in g05rzf for an indication of the accuracy of the underlying multivariate Normal distribution.

8 Parallelism and Performance

g05rdf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

g05rdf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The time taken by g05rdf is of order

n m^{3}

It is recommended that the diagonal elements of

C

should not differ too widely in order of magnitude. This may be achieved by scaling the variables if necessary. The actual matrix decomposed is

C + E = L L^{T}

, where

E

is a diagonal matrix with small positive diagonal elements. This ensures that, even when

C

is singular, or nearly singular, the Cholesky factor

L

corresponds to a positive definite covariance matrix that agrees with

C

within machine precision.

10 Example

This example prints ten pseudorandom observations from a Normal copula with covariance matrix

[\begin{matrix} 1.69 & 0.39 & - 1.86 & 0.07 \\ 0.39 & 98.01 & - 7.07 & - 0.71 \\ - 1.86 & - 7.07 & 11.56 & 0.03 \\ 0.07 & - 0.71 & 0.03 & 0.01 \end{matrix}],

generated by g05rdf. All ten observations are generated by a single call to g05rdf with

mode = 2

. The random number generator is initialized by g05kff.

g05rd: FL CL CPP AD

NAG FL Interfaceg05rdf (copula_​normal)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
g05rdf (copula_normal)