, in the numerator and denominator are calculated by direct solution of the Padé equations (see Graves–Morris (1979)); these values are returned through the argument list unless the approximant is degenerate.

Padé approximation is a useful technique when values of a function are to be obtained from its Maclaurin expansion but convergence of the series is unacceptably slow or even nonexistent. It is based on the hypothesis of the existence of a sequence of convergent rational approximations, as described in Baker and Graves–Morris (1981) and Graves–Morris (1979).

Unless there are reasons to the contrary (as discussed in Chapter 4, Section 2, Chapters 5 and 6 of Baker and Graves–Morris (1981)), one normally uses the diagonal sequence of Padé approximants, namely

{[m / m], m = 0, 1, 2, \dots} .

Subsequent evaluation of the approximant at a given value of

x

may be carried out using e02rbc.

4 References

Baker G A Jr and Graves–Morris P R (1981) Padé approximants, Part 1: Basic theory encyclopaedia of Mathematics and its Applications Addison–Wesley

Graves–Morris P R (1979) The numerical calculation of Padé approximants Padé Approximation and its Applications. Lecture Notes in Mathematics (ed L Wuytack) 765 231–245 Adison–Wesley

5 Arguments

1: $ia$ – Integer Input
2: $ib$ – Integer Input: On entry: ia must specify $l + 1$ and ib must specify $m + 1$ , where $l$ and $m$ are the degrees of the numerator and denominator of the approximant, respectively.

Constraint: $ia \geq 1$ and $ib \geq 1$ .
3: $c [\dim]$ – const double Input: On entry: $c [i - 1]$ must specify, for $i = 1, 2, \dots, l + m + 1$ , the coefficient of $x^{i - 1}$ in the given power series.
4: $a [ia]$ – double Output: On exit: $a [j]$ , for $j = 1, 2, \dots, l + 1$ , contains the coefficient $a_{j}$ in the numerator of the approximant.
5: $b [ib]$ – double Output: On exit: $b [k]$ , for $k = 1, 2, \dots, m + 1$ , contains the coefficient $b_{k}$ in the denominator of the approximant.
6: $fail$ – NagError * Input/Output: The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $⟨ value ⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_DEGENERATE: The Pade approximant is degenerate.
NE_INT_2: On entry, $ib = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $ia = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $ia \geq 1$ and $ib \geq 1$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The solution should be the best possible to the extent to which the solution is determined by the input coefficients. It is recommended that you determine the locations of the zeros of the numerator and denominator polynomials, both to examine compatibility with the analytic structure of the given function and to detect defects. (Defects are nearby pole-zero pairs; defects close to

x = 0.0

characterise ill-conditioning in the construction of the approximant.) Defects occur in regions where the approximation is necessarily inaccurate. The example program calls c02abc to determine the above zeros.

It is easy to test the stability of the computed numerator and denominator coefficients by making small perturbations of the original Maclaurin series coefficients (e.g.,

c_{l}

c_{l + m}

). These questions of intrinsic error of the approximants and computational error in their calculation are discussed in Chapter 2 of Baker and Graves–Morris (1981).

8 Parallelism and Performance

e02rac is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

e02rac makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.