NAG CL Interface
d03pec (dim1_​parab_​keller)

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1 Purpose

d03pec integrates a system of linear or nonlinear, first-order, time-dependent partial differential equations (PDEs) in one space variable. The spatial discretization is performed using the Keller box scheme and the method of lines is employed to reduce the PDEs to a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The resulting system is solved using a Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF) method.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  d03pec (Integer npde, double *ts, double tout,
void (*pdedef)(Integer npde, double t, double x, const double u[], const double ut[], const double ux[], double res[], Integer *ires, Nag_Comm *comm),
void (*bndary)(Integer npde, double t, Integer ibnd, Integer nobc, const double u[], const double ut[], double res[], Integer *ires, Nag_Comm *comm),
double u[], Integer npts, const double x[], Integer nleft, double acc, double rsave[], Integer lrsave, Integer isave[], Integer lisave, Integer itask, Integer itrace, const char *outfile, Integer *ind, Nag_Comm *comm, Nag_D03_Save *saved, NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: d03pec, nag_pde_dim1_parab_keller or nag_pde_parab_1d_keller.

3 Description

d03pec integrates the system of first-order PDEs
Gi(x,t,U,Ux,Ut)=0,  i=1,2,,npde. (1)
In particular the functions Gi must have the general form
Gi=j=1npdePi,j Uj t +Qi,  i=1,2,,npde,  axb,tt0, (2)
where Pi,j and Qi depend on x, t, U, Ux and the vector U is the set of solution values
U (x,t) = [ U 1 (x,t) ,, U npde (x,t) ] T , (3)
and the vector Ux is its partial derivative with respect to x. Note that Pi,j and Qi must not depend on U t .
The integration in time is from t0 to tout, over the space interval axb, where a=x1 and b=xnpts are the leftmost and rightmost points of a user-defined mesh x1,x2,,xnpts. The mesh should be chosen in accordance with the expected behaviour of the solution.
The PDE system which is defined by the functions Gi must be specified in pdedef.
The initial values of the functions U(x,t) must be given at t=t0. For a first-order system of PDEs, only one boundary condition is required for each PDE component Ui. The npde boundary conditions are separated into na at the left-hand boundary x=a, and nb at the right-hand boundary x=b, such that na+nb=npde. The position of the boundary condition for each component should be chosen with care; the general rule is that if the characteristic direction of Ui at the left-hand boundary (say) points into the interior of the solution domain, then the boundary condition for Ui should be specified at the left-hand boundary. Incorrect positioning of boundary conditions generally results in initialization or integration difficulties in the underlying time integration functions.
The boundary conditions have the form:
GiL(x,t,U,Ut)=0  at ​x=a,  i=1,2,,na (4)
at the left-hand boundary, and
GiR(x,t,U,Ut)=0  at ​x=b,  i=1,2,,nb (5)
at the right-hand boundary.
Note that the functions GiL and GiR must not depend on Ux, since spatial derivatives are not determined explicitly in the Keller box scheme (see Keller (1970)). If the problem involves derivative (Neumann) boundary conditions then it is generally possible to restate such boundary conditions in terms of permissible variables. Also note that GiL and GiR must be linear with respect to time derivatives, so that the boundary conditions have the general form
j=1npdeEi,jL Uj t +SiL=0,   i=1,2,,na (6)
at the left-hand boundary, and
j=1npdeEi,jR Uj t +SiR=0,   i=1,2,,nb (7)
at the right-hand boundary, where Ei,jL, Ei,jR, SiL, and SiR depend on x, t and U only.
The boundary conditions must be specified in bndary.
The problem is subject to the following restrictions:
  1. (i)t0<tout, so that integration is in the forward direction;
  2. (ii)Pi,j and Qi must not depend on any time derivatives;
  3. (iii)The evaluation of the function Gi is done at the mid-points of the mesh intervals by calling the pdedef for each mid-point in turn. Any discontinuities in the function must, therefore, be at one or more of the mesh points x1,x2,,xnpts;
  4. (iv)At least one of the functions Pi,j must be nonzero so that there is a time derivative present in the problem.
In this method of lines approach the Keller box scheme (see Keller (1970)) is applied to each PDE in the space variable only, resulting in a system of ODEs in time for the values of Ui at each mesh point. In total there are npde×npts ODEs in the time direction. This system is then integrated forwards in time using a BDF method.

4 References

Berzins M (1990) Developments in the NAG Library software for parabolic equations Scientific Software Systems (eds J C Mason and M G Cox) 59–72 Chapman and Hall
Berzins M, Dew P M and Furzeland R M (1989) Developing software for time-dependent problems using the method of lines and differential-algebraic integrators Appl. Numer. Math. 5 375–397
Keller H B (1970) A new difference scheme for parabolic problems Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations (ed J Bramble) 2 327–350 Academic Press
Pennington S V and Berzins M (1994) New NAG Library software for first-order partial differential equations ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 20 63–99

5 Arguments

1: npde Integer Input
On entry: the number of PDEs in the system to be solved.
Constraint: npde1.
2: ts double * Input/Output
On entry: the initial value of the independent variable t.
Constraint: ts<tout.
On exit: the value of t corresponding to the solution values in u. Normally ts=tout.
3: tout double Input
On entry: the final value of t to which the integration is to be carried out.
4: pdedef function, supplied by the user External Function
pdedef must compute the functions Gi which define the system of PDEs. pdedef is called approximately midway between each pair of mesh points in turn by d03pec.
The specification of pdedef is:
void  pdedef (Integer npde, double t, double x, const double u[], const double ut[], const double ux[], double res[], Integer *ires, Nag_Comm *comm)
1: npde Integer Input
On entry: the number of PDEs in the system.
2: t double Input
On entry: the current value of the independent variable t.
3: x double Input
On entry: the current value of the space variable x.
4: u[npde] const double Input
On entry: u[i-1] contains the value of the component Ui(x,t), for i=1,2,,npde.
5: ut[npde] const double Input
On entry: ut[i-1] contains the value of the component Ui(x,t) t , for i=1,2,,npde.
6: ux[npde] const double Input
On entry: ux[i-1] contains the value of the component Ui(x,t) x , for i=1,2,,npde.
7: res[npde] double Output
On exit: res[i-1] must contain the ith component of G, for i=1,2,,npde, where G is defined as
Gi=j=1npdePi,j Uj t , (8)
i.e., only terms depending explicitly on time derivatives, or
Gi=j=1npdePi,j Uj t +Qi, (9)
i.e., all terms in equation (2).
The definition of G is determined by the input value of ires.
8: ires Integer * Input/Output
On entry: the form of Gi that must be returned in the array res.
ires=−1
Equation (8) must be used.
ires=1
Equation (9) must be used.
On exit: should usually remain unchanged. However, you may set ires to force the integration function to take certain actions, as described below:
ires=2
Indicates to the integrator that control should be passed back immediately to the calling function with the error indicator set to fail.code= NE_USER_STOP.
ires=3
Indicates to the integrator that the current time step should be abandoned and a smaller time step used instead. You may wish to set ires=3 when a physically meaningless input or output value has been generated. If you consecutively set ires=3, d03pec returns to the calling function with the error indicator set to fail.code= NE_FAILED_DERIV.
9: comm Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to pdedef.
userdouble *
iuserInteger *
pPointer 
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling d03pec you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by pdedef when called from d03pec (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
Note: pdedef should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d03pec. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d03pec is likely to produce unexpected results.
5: bndary function, supplied by the user External Function
bndary must compute the functions GiL and GiR which define the boundary conditions as in equations (4) and (5).
The specification of bndary is:
void  bndary (Integer npde, double t, Integer ibnd, Integer nobc, const double u[], const double ut[], double res[], Integer *ires, Nag_Comm *comm)
1: npde Integer Input
On entry: the number of PDEs in the system.
2: t double Input
On entry: the current value of the independent variable t.
3: ibnd Integer Input
On entry: determines the position of the boundary conditions.
ibnd=0
bndary must compute the left-hand boundary condition at x=a.
ibnd0
Indicates that bndary must compute the right-hand boundary condition at x=b.
4: nobc Integer Input
On entry: specifies the number of boundary conditions at the boundary specified by ibnd.
5: u[npde] const double Input
On entry: u[i-1] contains the value of the component Ui(x,t) at the boundary specified by ibnd, for i=1,2,,npde.
6: ut[npde] const double Input
On entry: ut[i-1] contains the value of the component Ui(x,t) t at the boundary specified by ibnd, for i=1,2,,npde.
7: res[dim] double Output
On exit: res[i-1] must contain the ith component of GL or GR, depending on the value of ibnd, for i=1,2,,nobc, where GL is defined as
GiL=j=1npde Ei,jL Uj t , (10)
i.e., only terms depending explicitly on time derivatives, or
GiL=j=1npde Ei,jL Uj t +SiL, (11)
i.e., all terms in equation (6), and similarly for GiR.
The definitions of GL and GR are determined by the input value of ires.
8: ires Integer * Input/Output
On entry: the form GiL (or GiR) that must be returned in the array res.
ires=−1
Equation (10) must be used.
ires=1
Equation (11) must be used.
On exit: should usually remain unchanged. However, you may set ires to force the integration function to take certain actions, as described below:
ires=2
Indicates to the integrator that control should be passed back immediately to the calling function with the error indicator set to fail.code= NE_USER_STOP.
ires=3
Indicates to the integrator that the current time step should be abandoned and a smaller time step used instead. You may wish to set ires=3 when a physically meaningless input or output value has been generated. If you consecutively set ires=3, d03pec returns to the calling function with the error indicator set to fail.code= NE_FAILED_DERIV.
9: comm Nag_Comm *
Pointer to structure of type Nag_Comm; the following members are relevant to bndary.
userdouble *
iuserInteger *
pPointer 
The type Pointer will be void *. Before calling d03pec you may allocate memory and initialize these pointers with various quantities for use by bndary when called from d03pec (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
Note: bndary should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by d03pec. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, d03pec is likely to produce unexpected results.
6: u[npde×npts] double Input/Output
Note: the (i,j)th element of the matrix U is stored in u[(j-1)×npde+i-1].
On entry: the initial values of U(x,t) at t=ts and the mesh points x[j-1], for j=1,2,,npts.
On exit: u[(j-1)×npde+i-1] will contain the computed solution at t=ts.
7: npts Integer Input
On entry: the number of mesh points in the interval [a,b].
Constraint: npts3.
8: x[npts] const double Input
On entry: the mesh points in the spatial direction. x[0] must specify the left-hand boundary, a, and x[npts-1] must specify the right-hand boundary, b.
Constraint: x[0]<x[1]<<x[npts-1].
9: nleft Integer Input
On entry: the number na of boundary conditions at the left-hand mesh point x[0].
Constraint: 0nleftnpde.
10: acc double Input
On entry: a positive quantity for controlling the local error estimate in the time integration. If E(i,j) is the estimated error for Ui at the jth mesh point, the error test is:
|E(i,j)|=acc×(1.0+|u[(j-1)×npde+i-1]|).  
Constraint: acc>0.0.
11: rsave[lrsave] double Communication Array
If ind=0, rsave need not be set on entry.
If ind=1, rsave must be unchanged from the previous call to the function because it contains required information about the iteration.
12: lrsave Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of the array rsave.
Constraint: lrsave(4×npde+nleft+14)×npde×npts+(3×npde+21)×npde+7×npts+54.
13: isave[lisave] Integer Communication Array
If ind=0, isave need not be set on entry.
If ind=1, isave must be unchanged from the previous call to the function because it contains required information about the iteration. In particular:
isave[0]
Contains the number of steps taken in time.
isave[1]
Contains the number of residual evaluations of the resulting ODE system used. One such evaluation involves computing the PDE functions at all the mesh points, as well as one evaluation of the functions in the boundary conditions.
isave[2]
Contains the number of Jacobian evaluations performed by the time integrator.
isave[3]
Contains the order of the last backward differentiation formula method used.
isave[4]
Contains the number of Newton iterations performed by the time integrator. Each iteration involves an ODE residual evaluation followed by a back-substitution using the LU decomposition of the Jacobian matrix.
14: lisave Integer Input
On entry: the dimension of the array isave.
Constraint: lisavenpde×npts+24.
15: itask Integer Input
On entry: specifies the task to be performed by the ODE integrator.
itask=1
Normal computation of output values u at t=tout.
itask=2
Take one step and return.
itask=3
Stop at the first internal integration point at or beyond t=tout.
Constraint: itask=1, 2 or 3.
16: itrace Integer Input
On entry: the level of trace information required from d03pec and the underlying ODE solver as follows:
itrace−1
No output is generated.
itrace=0
Only warning messages from the PDE solver are printed.
itrace=1
Output from the underlying ODE solver is printed. This output contains details of Jacobian entries, the nonlinear iteration and the time integration during the computation of the ODE system.
itrace=2
Output from the underlying ODE solver is similar to that produced when itrace=1, except that the advisory messages are given in greater detail.
itrace3
Output from the underlying ODE solver is similar to that produced when itrace=2, except that the advisory messages are given in greater detail.
You are advised to set itrace=0.
17: outfile const char * Input
On entry: the name of a file to which diagnostic output will be directed. If outfile is NULL the diagnostic output will be directed to standard output.
18: ind Integer * Input/Output
On entry: indicates whether this is a continuation call or a new integration.
ind=0
Starts or restarts the integration in time.
ind=1
Continues the integration after an earlier exit from the function. In this case, only the argument tout should be reset between calls to d03pec.
Constraint: ind=0 or 1.
On exit: ind=1.
19: comm Nag_Comm *
The NAG communication argument (see Section 3.1.1 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).
20: saved Nag_D03_Save * Communication Structure
saved must remain unchanged following a previous call to a Chapter D03 function and prior to any subsequent call to a Chapter D03 function.
21: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ACC_IN_DOUBT
Integration completed, but a small change in acc is unlikely to result in a changed solution. acc=value.
The required task has been completed, but it is estimated that a small change in acc is unlikely to produce any change in the computed solution. (Only applies when you are not operating in one step mode, that is when itask2.)
NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_FAILED_DERIV
In setting up the ODE system an internal auxiliary was unable to initialize the derivative. This could be due to your setting ires=3 in pdedef or bndary.
NE_FAILED_START
acc was too small to start integration: acc=value.
NE_FAILED_STEP
Error during Jacobian formulation for ODE system. Increase itrace for further details.
Repeated errors in an attempted step of underlying ODE solver. Integration was successful as far as ts: ts=value.
In the underlying ODE solver, there were repeated errors or corrector convergence test failures on an attempted step, before completing the requested task. The problem may have a singularity or acc is too small for the integration to continue. Incorrect positioning of boundary conditions may also result in this error. Integration was successful as far as t=ts.
Underlying ODE solver cannot make further progress from the point ts with the supplied value of acc. ts=value, acc=value.
NE_INT
ires set to an invalid value in call to pdedef or bndary.
On entry, ind=value.
Constraint: ind=0 or 1.
On entry, itask=value.
Constraint: itask=1, 2 or 3.
On entry, nleft=value.
Constraint: nleft0.
On entry, npde=value.
Constraint: npde1.
On entry, npts=value.
Constraint: npts3.
On entry, on initial entry ind=1.
Constraint: on initial entry ind=0.
NE_INT_2
On entry, lisave=value.
Constraint: lisavevalue.
On entry, lrsave=value.
Constraint: lrsavevalue.
On entry, nleft=value, npde=value.
Constraint: nleftnpde.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
Serious error in internal call to an auxiliary. Increase itrace for further details.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NOT_CLOSE_FILE
Cannot close file value.
NE_NOT_STRICTLY_INCREASING
On entry, i=value, x[i-1]=value, j=value and x[j-1]=value.
Constraint: x[0]<x[1]<<x[npts-1].
NE_NOT_WRITE_FILE
Cannot open file value for writing.
NE_REAL
On entry, acc=value.
Constraint: acc>0.0.
NE_REAL_2
On entry, tout=value and ts=value.
Constraint: tout>ts.
On entry, tout-ts is too small: tout=value and ts=value.
NE_SING_JAC
Singular Jacobian of ODE system. Check problem formulation.
NE_USER_STOP
In evaluating residual of ODE system, ires=2 has been set in pdedef or bndary. Integration is successful as far as ts: ts=value.

7 Accuracy

d03pec controls the accuracy of the integration in the time direction but not the accuracy of the approximation in space. The spatial accuracy depends on both the number of mesh points and on their distribution in space. In the time integration only the local error over a single step is controlled and so the accuracy over a number of steps cannot be guaranteed. You should, therefore, test the effect of varying the accuracy argument, acc.

8 Parallelism and Performance

d03pec is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
d03pec makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The Keller box scheme can be used to solve higher-order problems which have been reduced to first-order by the introduction of new variables (see the example problem in d03pkc). In general, a second-order problem can be solved with slightly greater accuracy using the Keller box scheme instead of a finite difference scheme (d03pcc or d03phc for example), but at the expense of increased CPU time due to the larger number of function evaluations required.
It should be noted that the Keller box scheme, in common with other central-difference schemes, may be unsuitable for some hyperbolic first-order problems such as the apparently simple linear advection equation Ut+aUx=0, where a is a constant, resulting in spurious oscillations due to the lack of dissipation. This type of problem requires a discretization scheme with upwind weighting (d03pfc for example), or the addition of a second-order artificial dissipation term.
The time taken depends on the complexity of the system and on the accuracy requested.

10 Example

This example is the simple first-order system
U1 t + U1 x + U2 x =0, U2 t +4 U1 x + U2 x =0,  
for t[0,1] and x[0,1].
The initial conditions are
U1(x,0)=exp(x),  U2(x,0)=sin(x),  
and the Dirichlet boundary conditions for U1 at x=0 and U2 at x=1 are given by the exact solution:
U1(x,t)=12 {exp(x+t)+exp(x-3t)}+14 {sin(x-3t)-sin(x+t)} , U2(x,t)=exp(x-3t)-exp(x+t)+12 {sin(x+t)+sin(x-3t)} .  

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (d03pece.c)

10.2 Program Data

None.

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (d03pece.r)
GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 0 Example Program Solution, U(1,x,t), of First-order System using Keller, Box and BDF U(1,x,t) gnuplot_plot_1 gnuplot_plot_2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Time 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
GnuplotProduced by GNUPLOT 5.0 patchlevel 0 Solution, U(2,x,t), of First-order System using Keller, Box and BDF U(2,x,t) gnuplot_plot_1 gnuplot_plot_2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Time 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 x −8 −7 −6 −5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0