. A nonsingular matrix has multiple square roots. For a matrix with no eigenvalues on the closed negative real line, the principal square root, denoted by

A^{1 / 2}

, is the unique square root whose eigenvalues lie in the open right half-plane.

f01epf computes

A^{1 / 2}

, where

A

is an upper quasi-triangular matrix, with

1 \times 1

and

2 \times 2

blocks on the diagonal. Such matrices arise from the Schur factorization of a real general matrix, as computed by f08pef, for example. f01epf does not require

A

to be in the canonical Schur form described in f08pef, it merely requires

A

to be upper quasi-triangular.

A^{1 / 2}

then has the same block triangular structure as

A

The algorithm used by f01epf is described in Higham (1987). In addition a blocking scheme described in Deadman et al. (2013) is used.

4 References

Björck Å and Hammarling S (1983) A Schur method for the square root of a matrix Linear Algebra Appl. 52/53 127–140

Deadman E, Higham N J and Ralha R (2013) Blocked Schur Algorithms for Computing the Matrix Square Root Applied Parallel and Scientific Computing: 11th International Conference, (PARA 2012, Helsinki, Finland) P. Manninen and P. Öster, Eds Lecture Notes in Computer Science 7782 171–181 Springer–Verlag

Higham N J (1987) Computing real square roots of a real matrix Linear Algebra Appl. 88/89 405–430

Higham N J (2008) Functions of Matrices: Theory and Computation SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA

5 Arguments

1: $n$ – Integer Input: On entry: $n$ , the order of the matrix $A$ .

Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
2: $a (lda, *)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) array Input/Output: Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least $n$ .

On entry: the $n \times n$ upper quasi-triangular matrix $A$ .

On exit: the $n \times n$ principal matrix square root $A^{1 / 2}$ .
3: $lda$ – Integer Input: On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f01epf is called.

Constraint: $lda \geq n$ .
4: $ifail$ – Integer Input/Output: On entry: ifail must be set to $0$ , $- 1$ or $1$ to set behaviour on detection of an error; these values have no effect when no error is detected.
A value of $0$ causes the printing of an error message and program execution will be halted; otherwise program execution continues. A value of $- 1$ means that an error message is printed while a value of $1$ means that it is not.

If halting is not appropriate, the value $- 1$ or $1$ is recommended. If message printing is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, the value $0$ is recommended. When the value $- 1$ or $1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit: $ifail = 0$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

- 1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: $A$ has negative or vanishing eigenvalues. The principal square root is not defined in this case. f01enf or f01fnf may be able to provide further information.

$ifail = 2$: An internal error occurred. It is likely that the routine was called incorrectly.

$ifail = - 1$: On entry, $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .

$ifail = - 3$: On entry, $lda = ⟨ value ⟩$ and $n = ⟨ value ⟩$ .
Constraint: $lda \geq n$ .

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 9 in the Introduction to the NAG Library FL Interface for further information.

7 Accuracy

The computed square root

\hat{X}

satisfies

{\hat{X}}^{2} = A + Δ A

, where

{‖ Δ A ‖}_{F} \approx O (ε) n {‖ \hat{X} ‖}_{F}^{2}

, where

ε

is machine precision.

8 Parallelism and Performance

f01epf is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f01epf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The cost of the algorithm is

n^{3} / 3

floating-point operations; see Algorithm 6.7 of Higham (2008).

O (n)

of integer allocatable memory is required by the routine.

A

is a full matrix, then f01enf should be used to compute the square root. If

A

has negative real eigenvalues then f01fnf can be used to return a complex, non-principal square root.

If condition number and residual bound estimates are required, then f01jdf should be used. For further discussion of the condition of the matrix square root see Section 6.1 of Higham (2008).

10 Example

This example finds the principal matrix square root of the matrix

A = (\begin{array}{r} 6 & 4 & - 5 & 15 \\ 8 & 6 & - 3 & 10 \\ 0 & 0 & 3 & - 4 \\ 0 & 0 & 4 & 3 \end{array}) .

f01ep: FL CL CPP AD

NAG FL Interfacef01epf (real_​tri_​matrix_​sqrt)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG FL Interface
f01epf (real_tri_matrix_sqrt)