NAG CL Interface
s30qcc (opt_​amer_​bs_​price)

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1 Purpose

s30qcc computes the Bjerksund and Stensland (2002) approximation to the price of an American option.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>
void  s30qcc (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_CallPut option, Integer m, Integer n, const double x[], double s, const double t[], double sigma, double r, double q, double p[], NagError *fail)
The function may be called by the names: s30qcc, nag_specfun_opt_amer_bs_price or nag_amer_bs_price.

3 Description

s30qcc computes the price of an American option using the closed form approximation of Bjerksund and Stensland (2002). The time to maturity, T, is divided into two periods, each with a flat early exercise boundary, by choosing a time t [0,T] , such that t = 12 (5-1) T . The two boundary values are defined as x~=X~(t), X~=X~(T) with
X~(τ) = B0 + (B-B0) (1-exp{h(τ)}) ,  
where
h(τ) = - (bτ+2στ) ( X2 (B-B0) B0 ) ,  
B β β-1 X ,  B0 max{X, (rr-b) X } ,  
β = (12-bσ2) + ( b σ2 -12) 2 + 2 r σ2 .  
with b=r-q, the cost of carry, where r is the risk-free interest rate and q is the annual dividend rate. Here X is the strike price and σ is the annual volatility.
The price of an American call option is approximated as
Pcall = α(X~) Sβ - α(X~) ϕ (S,t|β,X~,X~)+ ϕ (S,t|1,X~,X~) - ϕ (S,t|1,x~,X~) - X ϕ (S,t|0,X~,X~) + X ϕ (S,t|0,x~,X~) + α (x~) ϕ (S,t|β,x~,X~) - α(x~) Ψ (S,T|β,x~,X~,x~,t) + Ψ (S,T|1,x~,X~,x~,t) - Ψ (S,T|1,X,X~,x~,t) - X Ψ (S,T|0,x~,X~,x~,t) + X Ψ (S,T|0,X,X~,x~,t) ,  
where α, ϕ and Ψ are as defined in Bjerksund and Stensland (2002).
The price of a put option is obtained by the put-call transformation,
Pput (X,S,T,σ,r,q) = Pcall (S,X,T,σ,q,r) .  
The option price Pij=P(X=Xi,T=Tj) is computed for each strike price in a set Xi, i=1,2,,m, and for each expiry time in a set Tj, j=1,2,,n.

4 References

Bjerksund P and Stensland G (2002) Closed form valuation of American options Discussion Paper 2002/09 NHH Bergen Norway
Genz A (2004) Numerical computation of rectangular bivariate and trivariate Normal and t probabilities Statistics and Computing 14 151–160

5 Arguments

1: order Nag_OrderType Input
On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by order=Nag_RowMajor. See Section 3.1.3 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.
Constraint: order=Nag_RowMajor or Nag_ColMajor.
2: option Nag_CallPut Input
On entry: determines whether the option is a call or a put.
option=Nag_Call
A call; the holder has a right to buy.
option=Nag_Put
A put; the holder has a right to sell.
Constraint: option=Nag_Call or Nag_Put.
3: m Integer Input
On entry: the number of strike prices to be used.
Constraint: m1.
4: n Integer Input
On entry: the number of times to expiry to be used.
Constraint: n1.
5: x[m] const double Input
On entry: x[i-1] must contain Xi, the ith strike price, for i=1,2,,m.
Constraint: x[i-1]z ​ and ​ x[i-1] 1 / z , where z = nag_real_safe_small_number , the safe range parameter, for i=1,2,,m.
6: s double Input
On entry: S, the price of the underlying asset.
Constraint: sz ​ and ​s1z, where z=nag_real_safe_small_number, the safe range parameter and sβ<1z where β is as defined in Section 3.
7: t[n] const double Input
On entry: t[i-1] must contain Ti, the ith time, in years, to expiry, for i=1,2,,n.
Constraint: t[i-1]z, where z = nag_real_safe_small_number , the safe range parameter, for i=1,2,,n.
8: sigma double Input
On entry: σ, the volatility of the underlying asset. Note that a rate of 15% should be entered as 0.15.
Constraint: sigma>0.0.
9: r double Input
On entry: r, the annual risk-free interest rate, continuously compounded. Note that a rate of 5% should be entered as 0.05.
Constraint: r0.0.
10: q double Input
On entry: q, the annual continuous yield rate. Note that a rate of 8% should be entered as 0.08.
Constraint: q0.0.
11: p[m×n] double Output
Note: where P(i,j) appears in this document, it refers to the array element
  • p[(j-1)×m+i-1] when order=Nag_ColMajor;
  • p[(i-1)×n+j-1] when order=Nag_RowMajor.
On exit: P(i,j) contains Pij, the option price evaluated for the strike price xi at expiry tj for i=1,2,,m and j=1,2,,n.
12: fail NagError * Input/Output
The NAG error argument (see Section 7 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.1.2 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM
On entry, argument value had an illegal value.
NE_INT
On entry, m=value.
Constraint: m1.
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n1.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 7.5 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 8 in the Introduction to the NAG Library CL Interface for further information.
NE_REAL
On entry, q=value.
Constraint: q0.0.
On entry, r=value.
Constraint: r0.0.
On entry, s=value.
Constraint: svalue and svalue.
On entry, s=value and β=value.
Constraint: sβ<value.
On entry, sigma=value.
Constraint: sigma>0.0.
NE_REAL_ARRAY
On entry, t[value]=value.
Constraint: t[i]value.
On entry, x[value]=value.
Constraint: x[i]value and x[i]value.

7 Accuracy

The accuracy of the output will be bounded by the accuracy of the cumulative bivariate Normal distribution function. The algorithm of Genz (2004) is used, as described in the document for g01hac, giving a maximum absolute error of less than 5×10-16. The univariate cumulative Normal distribution function also forms part of the evaluation (see s15abc and s15adc).

8 Parallelism and Performance

s30qcc is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
s30qcc makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example computes the price of an American call with a time to expiry of 3 months, a stock price of 110 and a strike price of 100. The risk-free interest rate is 8% per year, there is an annual dividend return of 12% and the volatility is 20% per year.

10.1 Program Text

Program Text (s30qcce.c)

10.2 Program Data

Program Data (s30qcce.d)

10.3 Program Results

Program Results (s30qcce.r)