NAG Library Routine Document

f07hvf (zpbrfs) returns error bounds for the solution of a complex Hermitian positive definite band system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides,

A X = B

. It improves the solution by iterative refinement, in order to reduce the backward error as much as possible.

2

Specification

Fortran Interface

Subroutine f07hvf (

uplo, n, kd, nrhs, ab, ldab, afb, ldafb, b, ldb, x, ldx, ferr, berr, work, rwork, info)

Integer, Intent (In)	::	n, kd, nrhs, ldab, ldafb, ldb, ldx
Integer, Intent (Out)	::	info
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	ferr(nrhs), berr(nrhs), rwork(n)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	ab(ldab,), afb(ldafb,), b(ldb,*)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout)	::	x(ldx,*)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	work(2*n)
Character (1), Intent (In)	::	uplo

C Header Interface

#include <nagmk26.h>

void

f07hvf_ (const char *uplo, const Integer *n, const Integer *kd, const Integer *nrhs, const Complex ab[], const Integer *ldab, const Complex afb[], const Integer *ldafb, const Complex b[], const Integer *ldb, Complex x[], const Integer *ldx, double ferr[], double berr[], Complex work[], double rwork[], Integer *info, const Charlen length_uplo)

The routine may be called by its LAPACK name zpbrfs.

3

Description

f07hvf (zpbrfs) returns the backward errors and estimated bounds on the forward errors for the solution of a complex Hermitian positive definite band system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides

A X = B

. The routine handles each right-hand side vector (stored as a column of the matrix

B

) independently, so we describe the function of f07hvf (zpbrfs) in terms of a single right-hand side

b

and solution

x

Given a computed solution

x

, the routine computes the component-wise backward error

β

. This is the size of the smallest relative perturbation in each element of

A

and

b

such that

x

is the exact solution of a perturbed system

\begin{matrix} (A + δ A) x = b + δ b \\ |δ a_{i j}| \leq β |a_{i j}| and |δ b_{i}| \leq β |b_{i}| . \end{matrix}

Then the routine estimates a bound for the component-wise forward error in the computed solution, defined by:

\max_{i} |x_{i} - {\hat{x}}_{i}| / \max_{i} |x_{i}|

where

\hat{x}

is the true solution.

For details of the method, see the F07 Chapter Introduction.

4

References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5

Arguments

1: $uplo$ – Character(1)Input

On entry: specifies whether the upper or lower triangular part of

A

is stored and how

A

is to be factorized.

$uplo ='U'$: The upper triangular part of $A$ is stored and $A$ is factorized as $U^{H} U$ , where $U$ is upper triangular.
$uplo ='L'$: The lower triangular part of $A$ is stored and $A$ is factorized as $L L^{H}$ , where $L$ is lower triangular.

Constraint:

uplo ='U'

'L'

2: $n$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

n

, the order of the matrix

A

Constraint:

n \geq 0

3: $kd$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

k_{d}

, the number of superdiagonals or subdiagonals of the matrix

A

Constraint:

kd \geq 0

4: $nrhs$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

r

, the number of right-hand sides.

Constraint:

nrhs \geq 0

5: $ab (ldab *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput

Note: the second dimension of the array ab must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the

n

n

original Hermitian positive definite band matrix

A

as supplied to f07hrf (zpbtrf).

6: $ldab$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array ab as declared in the (sub)program from which f07hvf (zpbrfs) is called.

Constraint:

ldab \geq kd + 1

7: $afb (ldafb *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput

Note: the second dimension of the array afb must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the Cholesky factor of

A

, as returned by f07hrf (zpbtrf).

8: $ldafb$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array afb as declared in the (sub)program from which f07hvf (zpbrfs) is called.

Constraint:

ldafb \geq kd + 1

9: $b (ldb *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput

Note: the second dimension of the array b must be at least

\max (1, nrhs)

On entry: the

n

r

right-hand side matrix

B

10: $ldb$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which f07hvf (zpbrfs) is called.

Constraint:

ldb \geq \max (1, n)

11: $x (ldx *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output

Note: the second dimension of the array x must be at least

\max (1, nrhs)

On entry: the

n

r

solution matrix

X

, as returned by f07hsf (zpbtrs).

On exit: the improved solution matrix

X

12: $ldx$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array x as declared in the (sub)program from which f07hvf (zpbrfs) is called.

Constraint:

ldx \geq \max (1, n)

13: $ferr (nrhs)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput

On exit:

ferr (j)

contains an estimated error bound for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

14: $berr (nrhs)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput

On exit:

berr (j)

contains the component-wise backward error bound

β

for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

15: $work (2 \times n)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace

16: $rwork (n)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace

17: $info$ – IntegerOutput

On exit:

info = 0

unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6).

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

$info < 0$: If $info = - i$ , argument $i$ had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.

7

Accuracy

The bounds returned in ferr are not rigorous, because they are estimated, not computed exactly; but in practice they almost always overestimate the actual error.

8

Parallelism and Performance

f07hvf (zpbrfs) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f07hvf (zpbrfs) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9

Further Comments

For each right-hand side, computation of the backward error involves a minimum of

32 n k

real floating-point operations. Each step of iterative refinement involves an additional

48 n k

real operations. This assumes

n ≫ k

. At most five steps of iterative refinement are performed, but usually only one or two steps are required.

Estimating the forward error involves solving a number of systems of linear equations of the form

A x = b

; the number is usually

5

and never more than

11

. Each solution involves approximately

16 n k

real operations.

The real analogue of this routine is f07hhf (dpbrfs).

10

Example

This example solves the system of equations

A X = B

using iterative refinement and to compute the forward and backward error bounds, where

A = (\begin{array}{r} 9.39 + 0.00 i & 1.08 - 1.73 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i \\ 1.08 + 1.73 i & 1.69 + 0.00 i & - 0.04 + 0.29 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i \\ 0.00 + 0.00 i & - 0.04 - 0.29 i & 2.65 + 0.00 i & - 0.33 + 2.24 i \\ 0.00 + 0.00 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i & - 0.33 - 2.24 i & 2.17 + 0.00 i \end{array})

and

B = (\begin{array}{r} - 12.42 + 68.42 i & 54.30 - 56.56 i \\ - 9.93 + 0.88 i & 18.32 + 4.76 i \\ - 27.30 - 0.01 i & - 4.40 + 9.97 i \\ 5.31 + 23.63 i & 9.43 + 1.41 i \end{array}) .

Here

A

is Hermitian positive definite, and is treated as a band matrix, which must first be factorized by f07hrf (zpbtrf).

NAG Library Routine Document

f07hvf (zpbrfs)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

1

Purpose

2

Specification

3

Description

4

References

5

Arguments

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

7

Accuracy

8

Parallelism and Performance

9

Further Comments

10

Example

10.1

Program Text

10.2

Program Data

10.3

Program Results