NAG Library Routine Document
F11DAF
1 Purpose
F11DAF computes an incomplete
factorization of a real sparse nonsymmetric matrix, represented in coordinate storage format. This factorization may be used as a preconditioner in combination with
F11BEF or
F11DCF.
2 Specification
SUBROUTINE F11DAF ( |
N, NNZ, A, LA, IROW, ICOL, LFILL, DTOL, PSTRAT, MILU, IPIVP, IPIVQ, ISTR, IDIAG, NNZC, NPIVM, IWORK, LIWORK, IFAIL) |
INTEGER |
N, NNZ, LA, IROW(LA), ICOL(LA), LFILL, IPIVP(N), IPIVQ(N), ISTR(N+1), IDIAG(N), NNZC, NPIVM, IWORK(LIWORK), LIWORK, IFAIL |
REAL (KIND=nag_wp) |
A(LA), DTOL |
CHARACTER(1) |
PSTRAT, MILU |
|
3 Description
F11DAF computes an incomplete
factorization (see
Meijerink and Van der Vorst (1977) and
Meijerink and Van der Vorst (1981)) of a real sparse nonsymmetric
by
matrix
. The factorization is intended primarily for use as a preconditioner with one of the iterative solvers
F11BEF or
F11DCF.
The decomposition is written in the form
where
and
is lower triangular with unit diagonal elements,
is diagonal,
is upper triangular with unit diagonals,
and
are permutation matrices, and
is a remainder matrix.
The amount of fill-in occurring in the factorization can vary from zero to complete fill, and can be controlled by specifying either the maximum level of fill
LFILL, or the drop tolerance
DTOL.
The parameter
PSTRAT defines the pivoting strategy to be used. The options currently available are no pivoting, user-defined pivoting, partial pivoting by columns for stability, and complete pivoting by rows for sparsity and by columns for stability. The factorization may optionally be modified to preserve the row-sums of the original matrix.
The sparse matrix
is represented in coordinate storage (CS) format (see
Section 2.1.1 in the F11 Chapter Introduction). The array
A stores all the nonzero elements of the matrix
, while arrays
IROW and
ICOL store the corresponding row and column indices respectively. Multiple nonzero elements may not be specified for the same row and column index.
The preconditioning matrix
is returned in terms of the CS representation of the matrix
Further algorithmic details are given in
Section 9.3.
4 References
Meijerink J and Van der Vorst H (1977) An iterative solution method for linear systems of which the coefficient matrix is a symmetric M-matrix Math. Comput. 31 148–162
Meijerink J and Van der Vorst H (1981) Guidelines for the usage of incomplete decompositions in solving sets of linear equations as they occur in practical problems J. Comput. Phys. 44 134–155
Salvini S A and Shaw G J (1996) An evaluation of new NAG Library solvers for large sparse unsymmetric linear systems NAG Technical Report TR2/96
5 Parameters
- 1: – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: , the order of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
- 2: – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: the number of nonzero elements in the matrix .
Constraint:
.
- 3: – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
-
On entry: the nonzero elements in the matrix
, ordered by increasing row index, and by increasing column index within each row. Multiple entries for the same row and column indices are not permitted. The routine
F11ZAF may be used to order the elements in this way.
On exit: the first
NNZ entries of
A contain the nonzero elements of
and the next
NNZC entries contain the elements of the matrix
. Matrix elements are ordered by increasing row index, and by increasing column index within each row.
- 4: – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: the dimension of the arrays
A,
IROW and
ICOL as declared in the (sub)program from which F11DAF is called. These arrays must be of sufficient size to store both
(
NNZ elements) and
(
NNZC elements).
Constraint:
.
- 5: – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
- 6: – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
-
On entry: the row and column indices of the nonzero elements supplied in
A.
Constraints:
IROW and
ICOL must satisfy these constraints (which may be imposed by a call to
F11ZAF):
- and , for ;
- either or both and , for .
On exit: the row and column indices of the nonzero elements returned in
A.
- 7: – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: if
its value is the maximum level of fill allowed in the decomposition (see
Section 9.2). A negative value of
LFILL indicates that
DTOL will be used to control the fill instead.
- 8: – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
-
On entry: if
,
DTOL is used as a drop tolerance to control the fill-in (see
Section 9.2); otherwise
DTOL is not referenced.
Constraint:
if , .
- 9: – CHARACTER(1)Input
-
On entry: specifies the pivoting strategy to be adopted.
- No pivoting is carried out.
- Pivoting is carried out according to the user-defined input values of IPIVP and IPIVQ.
- Partial pivoting by columns for stability is carried out.
- Complete pivoting by rows for sparsity, and by columns for stability, is carried out.
Suggested value:
.
Constraint:
, , or .
- 10: – CHARACTER(1)Input
-
On entry: indicates whether or not the factorization should be modified to preserve row-sums (see
Section 9.4).
- The factorization is modified.
- The factorization is not modified.
Constraint:
or .
- 11: – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
- 12: – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
-
On entry: if
, then
and
must specify the row and column indices of the element used as a pivot at elimination stage
. Otherwise
IPIVP and
IPIVQ need not be initialized.
Constraint:
if
,
IPIVP and
IPIVQ must both hold valid permutations of the integers on [1,
N].
On exit: the pivot indices. If and then the element in row and column was used as the pivot at elimination stage .
- 13: – INTEGER arrayOutput
-
On exit:
, for
, is the starting address in the arrays
A,
IROW and
ICOL of row
of the matrix
.
is the address of the last nonzero element in
plus one.
- 14: – INTEGER arrayOutput
-
On exit:
, for
, holds the index of arrays
A,
IROW and
ICOL which holds the diagonal element in row
of the matrix
.
- 15: – INTEGEROutput
-
On exit: the number of nonzero elements in the matrix .
- 16: – INTEGEROutput
-
On exit: if
it gives the number of pivots which were modified during the factorization to ensure that
exists.
If
no pivot modifications were required, but a local restart occurred (see
Section 9.3). The quality of the preconditioner will generally depend on the returned value of
NPIVM.
If
NPIVM is large the preconditioner may not be satisfactory. In this case it may be advantageous to call F11DAF again with an increased value of
LFILL, a reduced value of
DTOL, or set
. See also
Section 9.5.
- 17: – INTEGER arrayWorkspace
- 18: – INTEGERInput
-
On entry: the dimension of the array
IWORK as declared in the (sub)program from which F11DAF is called.
Constraint:
.
- 19: – INTEGERInput/Output
-
On entry:
IFAIL must be set to
,
. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to
Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is
.
When the value is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit:
unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see
Section 6).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
or
, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
-
On entry, | , |
or | , |
or | , |
or | , |
or | and , |
or | , , or , |
or | or , |
or | . |
-
On entry, the arrays
IROW and
ICOL fail to satisfy the following constraints:
- and , for ;
- or and , for .
Therefore a nonzero element has been supplied which does not lie within the matrix
, is out of order, or has duplicate row and column indices. Call
F11ZAF to reorder and sum or remove duplicates.
-
On entry,
, but one or both of
IPIVP and
IPIVQ does not represent a valid permutation of the integers in [1,
N]. An input value of
IPIVP or
IPIVQ is either out of range or repeated.
-
LA is too small, resulting in insufficient storage space for fill-in elements. The decomposition has been terminated before completion. Either increase
LA or reduce the amount of fill by reducing
LFILL, or increasing
DTOL.
- (F11ZAF)
-
A serious error has occurred in an internal call to the specified routine. Check all subroutine calls and array sizes. Seek expert help.
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please
contact
NAG.
See
Section 3.8 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See
Section 3.7 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See
Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction for further information.
7 Accuracy
The accuracy of the factorization will be determined by the size of the elements that are dropped and the size of any modifications made to the pivot elements. If these sizes are small then the computed factors will correspond to a matrix close to
. The factorization can generally be made more accurate by increasing
LFILL, or by reducing
DTOL with
.
If F11DAF is used in combination with
F11BEF or
F11DCF, the more accurate the factorization the fewer iterations will be required. However, the cost of the decomposition will also generally increase.
8 Parallelism and Performance
Not applicable.
The time taken for a call to F11DAF is roughly proportional to .
If
the amount of fill-in occurring in the incomplete factorization is controlled by limiting the maximum
level of fill-in to
LFILL. The original nonzero elements of
are defined to be of level
. The fill level of a new nonzero location occurring during the factorization is defined as:
where
is the level of fill of the element being eliminated, and
is the level of fill of the element causing the fill-in.
If
the fill-in is controlled by means of the
drop tolerance
DTOL. A potential fill-in element
occurring in row
and column
will not be included if:
where
is the maximum absolute value element in the matrix
.
For either method of control, any elements which are not included are discarded unless , in which case their contributions are subtracted from the pivot element in the relevant elimination row, to preserve the row-sums of the original matrix.
Should the factorization process break down a local restart process is implemented as described in
Section 9.3. This will affect the amount of fill present in the final factorization.
The factorization is constructed row by row. At each elimination stage a row index is chosen. In the case of complete pivoting this index is chosen in order to reduce fill-in. Otherwise the rows are treated in the order given, or some user-defined order.
The chosen row is copied from the original matrix
and modified according to those previous elimination stages which affect it. During this process any fill-in elements are either dropped or kept according to the values of
LFILL or
DTOL. In the case of a modified factorization (
) the sum of the dropped terms for the given row is stored.
Finally the pivot element for the row is chosen and the multipliers are computed for this elimination stage. For partial or complete pivoting the pivot element is chosen in the interests of stability as the element of largest absolute value in the row. Otherwise the pivot element is chosen in the order given, or some user-defined order.
If the factorization breaks down because the chosen pivot element is zero, or there is no nonzero pivot available, a local restart recovery process is implemented. The modification of the given pivot row according to previous elimination stages is repeated, but this time keeping all fill. Note that in this case the final factorization will include more fill than originally specified by the user-supplied value of
LFILL or
DTOL. The local restart usually results in a suitable nonzero pivot arising. The original criteria for dropping fill-in elements is then resumed for the next elimination stage (hence the
local nature of the restart process). Should this restart process also fail to produce a nonzero pivot element an arbitrary unit pivot is introduced in an arbitrarily chosen column. F11DAF returns an integer parameter
NPIVM which gives the number of these arbitrary unit pivots introduced. If no pivots were modified but local restarts occurred
is returned.
There is unfortunately no choice of the various algorithmic parameters which is optimal for all types of matrix, and some experimentation will generally be required for each new type of matrix encountered.
If the matrix
is not known to have any particular special properties the following strategy is recommended. Start with
and
. If the value returned for
NPIVM is significantly larger than zero, i.e., a large number of pivot modifications were required to ensure that
existed, the preconditioner is not likely to be satisfactory. In this case increase
LFILL until
NPIVM falls to a value close to zero.
If
has non-positive off-diagonal elements, is nonsingular, and has only non-negative elements in its inverse, it is called an ‘M-matrix’. It can be shown that no pivot modifications are required in the incomplete
factorization of an M-matrix (see
Meijerink and Van der Vorst (1977)). In this case a good preconditioner can generally be expected by setting
,
and
.
Some illustrations of the application of F11DAF to linear systems arising from the discretization of two-dimensional elliptic partial differential equations, and to random-valued randomly structured linear systems, can be found in
Salvini and Shaw (1996).
Although it is not their primary purpose F11DAF and
F11DBF may be used together to obtain a
direct solution to a nonsingular sparse linear system. To achieve this the call to
F11DBF should be preceded by a
complete
factorization
A complete factorization is obtained from a call to F11DAF with
and
, provided
on exit. A positive value of
NPIVM indicates that
is singular, or ill-conditioned. A factorization with positive
NPIVM may serve as a preconditioner, but will not result in a direct solution. It is therefore
essential to check the output value of
NPIVM if a direct solution is required.
The use of F11DAF and
F11DBF as a direct method is illustrated in
Section 10 in F11DBF.
10 Example
This example reads in a sparse matrix and calls F11DAF to compute an incomplete factorization. It then outputs the nonzero elements of both and .
The call to F11DAF has , and , giving an unmodified zero-fill factorization, with row pivoting for sparsity and column pivoting for stability.
10.1 Program Text
Program Text (f11dafe.f90)
10.2 Program Data
Program Data (f11dafe.d)
10.3 Program Results
Program Results (f11dafe.r)