G03BAF computes orthogonal rotations for a matrix of loadings using a generalized orthomax criterion.
SUBROUTINE G03BAF ( |
STAND, G, NVAR, K, FL, LDFL, FLR, R, LDR, ACC, MAXIT, ITER, WK, IFAIL) |
INTEGER |
NVAR, K, LDFL, LDR, MAXIT, ITER, IFAIL |
REAL (KIND=nag_wp) |
G, FL(LDFL,K), FLR(LDFL,K), R(LDR,K), ACC, WK(2*NVAR+K*K+5*(K-1)) |
CHARACTER(1) |
STAND |
|
Let
be the
by
matrix of loadings from a variable-directed multivariate method, e.g., canonical variate analysis or factor analysis. This matrix represents the relationship between the original
variables and the
orthogonal linear combinations of these variables, the canonical variates or factors. The latter are only unique up to a rotation in the
-dimensional space they define. A rotation can then be found that simplifies the structure of the matrix of loadings, and hence the relationship between the original and the derived variables. That is, the elements,
, of the rotated matrix,
, are either relatively large or small. The rotations may be found by minimizing the criterion:
where the constant
gives a family of rotations with
giving varimax rotations and
giving quartimax rotations.
It is generally advised that factor loadings should be standardized, so that the sum of squared elements for each row is one, before computing the rotations.
The matrix of rotations,
, such that
, is computed using first an algorithm based on that described by
Cooley and Lohnes (1971), which involves the pairwise rotation of the factors. Then a final refinement is made using a method similar to that described by
Lawley and Maxwell (1971), but instead of the eigenvalue decomposition, the algorithm has been adapted to incorporate a singular value decomposition.
- 1: STAND – CHARACTER(1)Input
On entry: indicates if the matrix of loadings is to be row standardized before rotation.
- The loadings are row standardized.
- The loadings are left unstandardized.
Constraint:
or .
- 2: G – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: , the criterion constant with giving varimax rotations and giving quartimax rotations.
Constraint:
.
- 3: NVAR – INTEGERInput
On entry: , the number of original variables.
Constraint:
.
- 4: K – INTEGERInput
On entry: , the number of derived variates or factors.
Constraint:
.
- 5: FL(LDFL,K) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: , the matrix of loadings.
must contain the loading for the th variable on the th factor, for and .
On exit: if
, the elements of
FL are standardized so that the sum of squared elements for each row is
and then after the computation of the rotations are rescaled; this may lead to slight differences between the input and output values of
FL.
If
,
FL will be unchanged on exit.
- 6: LDFL – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the arrays
FL and
FLR as declared in the (sub)program from which G03BAF is called.
Constraint:
.
- 7: FLR(LDFL,K) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the rotated matrix of loadings, .
will contain the rotated loading for the th variable on the th factor, for and .
- 8: R(LDR,K) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the matrix of rotations, .
- 9: LDR – INTEGERInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array
R as declared in the (sub)program from which G03BAF is called.
Constraint:
.
- 10: ACC – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: indicates the accuracy required. The iterative procedure of
Cooley and Lohnes (1971) will be stopped and the final refinement computed when the change in
is less than
. If
ACC is greater than or equal to
but less than
machine precision or if
ACC is greater than
, then
machine precision will be used instead.
Suggested value:
.
Constraint:
.
- 11: MAXIT – INTEGERInput
On entry: the maximum number of iterations.
Constraint:
.
- 12: ITER – INTEGEROutput
On exit: the number of iterations performed.
- 13: WK() – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace
- 14: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
-
On entry:
IFAIL must be set to
,
. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to
Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is
.
When the value is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit:
unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see
Section 6).
If on entry
or
, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
The accuracy is determined by the value of
ACC.
If the results of a principal component analysis as carried out by
G03AAF are to be rotated, the loadings as returned in the array
P by
G03AAF can be supplied via the parameter
FL to G03BAF. The resulting rotation matrix can then be used to rotate the principal component scores as returned in the array
V by
G03AAF. The routine
F06YAF (DGEMM) may be used for this matrix multiplication.
This example is taken from page 75 of
Lawley and Maxwell (1971). The results from a factor analysis of ten variables using three factors are input and rotated using varimax rotations without standardizing rows.