NAG Library Routine Document
F11DNF
1 Purpose
F11DNF computes an incomplete
factorization of a complex sparse non-Hermitian matrix, represented in coordinate storage format. This factorization may be used as a preconditioner in combination with
F11BSF or
F11DQF.
2 Specification
SUBROUTINE F11DNF ( |
N, NNZ, A, LA, IROW, ICOL, LFILL, DTOL, PSTRAT, MILU, IPIVP, IPIVQ, ISTR, IDIAG, NNZC, NPIVM, IWORK, LIWORK, IFAIL) |
INTEGER |
N, NNZ, LA, IROW(LA), ICOL(LA), LFILL, IPIVP(N), IPIVQ(N), ISTR(N+1), IDIAG(N), NNZC, NPIVM, IWORK(LIWORK), LIWORK, IFAIL |
REAL (KIND=nag_wp) |
DTOL |
COMPLEX (KIND=nag_wp) |
A(LA) |
CHARACTER(1) |
PSTRAT, MILU |
|
3 Description
F11DNF computes an incomplete
factorization (see
Meijerink and Van der Vorst (1977) and
Meijerink and Van der Vorst (1981)) of a complex sparse non-Hermitian
by
matrix
. The factorization is intended primarily for use as a preconditioner with one of the iterative solvers
F11BSF or
F11DQF.
The decomposition is written in the form
where
and
is lower triangular with unit diagonal elements,
is diagonal,
is upper triangular with unit diagonals,
and
are permutation matrices, and
is a remainder matrix.
The amount of fill-in occurring in the factorization can vary from zero to complete fill, and can be controlled by specifying either the maximum level of fill
LFILL, or the drop tolerance
DTOL.
The parameter
PSTRAT defines the pivoting strategy to be used. The options currently available are no pivoting, user-defined pivoting, partial pivoting by columns for stability, and complete pivoting by rows for sparsity and by columns for stability. The factorization may optionally be modified to preserve the row-sums of the original matrix.
The sparse matrix
is represented in coordinate storage (CS) format (see
Section 2.1.1 in the F11 Chapter Introduction). The array
A stores all the nonzero elements of the matrix
, while arrays
IROW and
ICOL store the corresponding row and column indices respectively. Multiple nonzero elements may not be specified for the same row and column index.
The preconditioning matrix
is returned in terms of the CS representation of the matrix
Further algorithmic details are given in
Section 8.3.
4 References
Meijerink J and Van der Vorst H (1977) An iterative solution method for linear systems of which the coefficient matrix is a symmetric M-matrix Math. Comput. 31 148–162
Meijerink J and Van der Vorst H (1981) Guidelines for the usage of incomplete decompositions in solving sets of linear equations as they occur in practical problems J. Comput. Phys. 44 134–155
5 Parameters
- 1: N – INTEGERInput
On entry: , the order of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
- 2: NNZ – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of nonzero elements in the matrix .
Constraint:
.
- 3: A(LA) – COMPLEX (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
On entry: the nonzero elements in the matrix
, ordered by increasing row index, and by increasing column index within each row. Multiple entries for the same row and column indices are not permitted. The routine
F11ZNF may be used to order the elements in this way.
On exit: the first
NNZ entries of
A contain the nonzero elements of
and the next
NNZC entries contain the elements of the matrix
. Matrix elements are ordered by increasing row index, and by increasing column index within each row.
- 4: LA – INTEGERInput
On entry: the dimension of the arrays
A,
IROW and
ICOL as declared in the (sub)program from which F11DNF is called. These arrays must be of sufficient size to store both
(
NNZ elements) and
(
NNZC elements).
Constraint:
.
- 5: IROW(LA) – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
- 6: ICOL(LA) – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
On entry: the row and column indices of the nonzero elements supplied in
A.
Constraints:
IROW and
ICOL must satisfy these constraints (which may be imposed by a call to
F11ZNF):
- and , for ;
- either or both and , for .
On exit: the row and column indices of the nonzero elements returned in
A.
- 7: LFILL – INTEGERInput
On entry: if
its value is the maximum level of fill allowed in the decomposition (see
Section 8.2). A negative value of
LFILL indicates that
DTOL will be used to control the fill instead.
- 8: DTOL – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: if
,
DTOL is used as a drop tolerance to control the fill-in (see
Section 8.2); otherwise
DTOL is not referenced.
Constraint:
if , .
- 9: PSTRAT – CHARACTER(1)Input
On entry: specifies the pivoting strategy to be adopted.
- No pivoting is carried out.
- Pivoting is carried out according to the user-defined input values of IPIVP and IPIVQ.
- Partial pivoting by columns for stability is carried out.
- Complete pivoting by rows for sparsity, and by columns for stability, is carried out.
Suggested value:
.
Constraint:
, , or .
- 10: MILU – CHARACTER(1)Input
On entry: indicates whether or not the factorization should be modified to preserve row-sums (see
Section 8.4).
- The factorization is modified.
- The factorization is not modified.
Constraint:
or .
- 11: IPIVP(N) – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
- 12: IPIVQ(N) – INTEGER arrayInput/Output
On entry: if
, then
and
must specify the row and column indices of the element used as a pivot at elimination stage
. Otherwise
IPIVP and
IPIVQ need not be initialized.
Constraint:
if
,
IPIVP and
IPIVQ must both hold valid permutations of the integers on [1,
N].
On exit: the pivot indices. If and then the element in row and column was used as the pivot at elimination stage .
- 13: ISTR() – INTEGER arrayOutput
On exit:
, for
, is the starting address in the arrays
A,
IROW and
ICOL of row
of the matrix
.
is the address of the last nonzero element in
plus one.
- 14: IDIAG(N) – INTEGER arrayOutput
On exit:
, for
, holds the index of arrays
A,
IROW and
ICOL which holds the diagonal element in row
of the matrix
.
- 15: NNZC – INTEGEROutput
On exit: the number of nonzero elements in the matrix .
- 16: NPIVM – INTEGEROutput
On exit: if
it gives the number of pivots which were modified during the factorization to ensure that
exists.
If
no pivot modifications were required, but a local restart occurred (see
Section 8.3). The quality of the preconditioner will generally depend on the returned value of
NPIVM.
If
NPIVM is large the preconditioner may not be satisfactory. In this case it may be advantageous to call F11DNF again with an increased value of
LFILL, a reduced value of
DTOL, or set
. See also
Section 8.5.
- 17: IWORK(LIWORK) – INTEGER arrayWorkspace
- 18: LIWORK – INTEGERInput
On entry: the dimension of the array
IWORK as declared in the (sub)program from which F11DNF is called.
Constraint:
.
- 19: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
-
On entry:
IFAIL must be set to
,
. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to
Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is
.
When the value is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit:
unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see
Section 6).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
or
, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
On entry, | , |
or | , |
or | , |
or | , |
or | and , |
or | , , or , |
or | or , |
or | . |
On entry, the arrays
IROW and
ICOL fail to satisfy the following constraints:
- and , for ;
- , or and , for .
Therefore a nonzero element has been supplied which does not lie within the matrix
, is out of order, or has duplicate row and column indices. Call
F11ZNF to reorder and sum or remove duplicates.
On entry,
, but one or both of
IPIVP and
IPIVQ does not represent a valid permutation of the integers in [1,
N]. An input value of
IPIVP or
IPIVQ is either out of range or repeated.
LA is too small, resulting in insufficient storage space for fill-in elements. The decomposition has been terminated before completion. Either increase
LA or reduce the amount of fill by reducing
LFILL, or increasing
DTOL.
- (F11ZNF)
A serious error has occurred in an internal call to the specified routine. Check all subroutine calls and array sizes. Seek expert help.
7 Accuracy
The accuracy of the factorization will be determined by the size of the elements that are dropped and the size of any modifications made to the pivot elements. If these sizes are small then the computed factors will correspond to a matrix close to
. The factorization can generally be made more accurate by increasing
LFILL, or by reducing
DTOL with
.
If F11DNF is used in combination with
F11BSF or
F11DQF, the more accurate the factorization the fewer iterations will be required. However, the cost of the decomposition will also generally increase.
The time taken for a call to F11DNF is roughly proportional to .
If
the amount of fill-in occurring in the incomplete factorization is controlled by limiting the maximum level of fill-in to
LFILL. The original nonzero elements of
are defined to be of level
. The fill level of a new nonzero location occurring during the factorization is defined as:
where
is the level of fill of the element being eliminated, and
is the level of fill of the element causing the fill-in.
If
the fill-in is controlled by means of the drop tolerance
DTOL. A potential fill-in element
occurring in row
and column
will not be included if:
where
is the maximum modulus element in the matrix
.
For either method of control, any elements which are not included are discarded unless
, in which case their contributions are subtracted from the pivot element in the relevant elimination row, to preserve the row-sums of the original matrix.
Should the factorization process break down a local restart process is implemented as described in
Section 8.3. This will affect the amount of fill present in the final factorization.
The factorization is constructed row by row. At each elimination stage a row index is chosen. In the case of complete pivoting this index is chosen in order to reduce fill-in. Otherwise the rows are treated in the order given, or some user-defined order.
The chosen row is copied from the original matrix
and modified according to those previous elimination stages which affect it. During this process any fill-in elements are either dropped or kept according to the values of
LFILL or
DTOL. In the case of a modified factorization (
) the sum of the dropped terms for the given row is stored.
Finally the pivot element for the row is chosen and the multipliers are computed for this elimination stage. For partial or complete pivoting the pivot element is chosen in the interests of stability as the element of largest absolute value in the row. Otherwise the pivot element is chosen in the order given, or some user-defined order.
If the factorization breaks down because the chosen pivot element is zero, or there is no nonzero pivot available, a local restart recovery process is implemented. The modification of the given pivot row according to previous elimination stages is repeated, but this time keeping all fill-in. Note that in this case the final factorization will include more fill than originally specified by the user-supplied value of
LFILL or
DTOL. The local restart usually results in a suitable nonzero pivot arising. The original criteria for dropping fill-in elements is then resumed for the next elimination stage (hence the
local nature of the restart process). Should this restart process also fail to produce a nonzero pivot element an arbitrary unit pivot is introduced in an arbitrarily chosen column. F11DNF returns an integer parameter
NPIVM which gives the number of these arbitrary unit pivots introduced. If no pivots were modified but local restarts occurred
is returned.
There is unfortunately no choice of the various algorithmic parameters which is optimal for all types of matrix, and some experimentation will generally be required for each new type of matrix encountered. The recommended approach is to start with
and
. If the value returned for
NPIVM is significantly larger than zero, i.e., a large number of pivot modifications were required to ensure that
existed, the preconditioner is not likely to be satisfactory. In this case increase
LFILL until
NPIVM falls to a value close to zero.
For certain classes of matrices (typically those arising from the discretization of elliptic or parabolic partial differential equations) the convergence rate of the preconditioned iterative solver can sometimes be significantly improved by using an incomplete factorization which preserves the row-sums of the original matrix. In these cases try setting .
Although it is not the primary purpose of the routines F11DNF and
F11DPF, they may be used together to obtain a
direct solution to a nonsingular sparse complex non-Hermitian linear system. To achieve this the call to
F11DPF should be preceded by a
complete factorization
A complete factorization is obtained from a call to F11DNF with
and
, provided
on exit. A positive value of
NPIVM indicates that
is singular, or ill-conditioned. A factorization with positive
NPIVM may serve as a preconditioner, but will not result in a direct solution. It is therefore
essential to check the output value of
NPIVM if a direct solution is required.
The use of F11DNF and
F11DPF as a direct method is illustrated in
F11DPF.
9 Example
This example reads in a complex sparse non-Hermitian matrix and calls F11DNF to compute an incomplete factorization. It then outputs the nonzero elements of both and .
The call to F11DNF has , and , giving an unmodified zero-fill factorization, with row pivoting for sparsity and column pivoting for stability.
9.1 Program Text
Program Text (f11dnfe.f90)
9.2 Program Data
Program Data (f11dnfe.d)
9.3 Program Results
Program Results (f11dnfe.r)