NAG Library Routine Document
F04ZDF
1 Purpose
F04ZDF estimates the -norm of a complex rectangular matrix without accessing the matrix explicitly. It uses reverse communication for evaluating matrix products. The routine may be used for estimating condition numbers of square matrices.
2 Specification
SUBROUTINE F04ZDF ( |
IREVCM, M, N, X, LDX, Y, LDY, ESTNRM, T, SEED, WORK, RWORK, IWORK, IFAIL) |
INTEGER |
IREVCM, M, N, LDX, LDY, T, SEED, IWORK(2*N+5*T+20), IFAIL |
REAL (KIND=nag_wp) |
ESTNRM, RWORK(2*N) |
COMPLEX (KIND=nag_wp) |
X(LDX,*), Y(LDY,*), WORK(M*T) |
|
3 Description
F04ZDF computes an estimate (a lower bound) for the
-norm
of an
by
complex matrix
. The routine regards the matrix
as being defined by a user-supplied ‘Black Box’ which, given an
matrix
(with
) or an
matrix
, can return
or
, where
is the complex conjugate transpose. A reverse communication interface is used; thus control is returned to the calling program whenever a matrix product is required.
Note: this routine is
not
recommended for use when the elements of
are known explicitly; it is then more efficient to compute the
-norm directly from the formula
(1) above.
The main use of the routine is for estimating for a square matrix , and hence the condition number
, without forming explicitly ( above).
If, for example, an factorization of is available, the matrix products and required by F04ZDF may be computed by back- and forward-substitutions, without computing .
The routine can also be used to estimate
-norms of matrix products such as
and
, without forming the products explicitly. Further applications are described in
Higham (1988).
Since , F04ZDF can be used to estimate the -norm of by working with instead of .
The algorithm used is described in
Higham and Tisseur (2000).
4 References
Higham N J (1988) FORTRAN codes for estimating the one-norm of a real or complex matrix, with applications to condition estimation ACM Trans. Math. Software 14 381–396
Higham N J and Tisseur F (2000) A block algorithm for matrix -norm estimation, with an application to -norm pseudospectra SIAM J. Matrix. Anal. Appl. 21 1185–1201
5 Parameters
Note: this routine uses
reverse communication. Its use involves an initial entry, intermediate exits and re-entries, and a final exit, as indicated by the
parameter IREVCM. Between intermediate exits and re-entries,
all parameters other than X and Y must remain unchanged.
- 1: IREVCM – INTEGERInput/Output
On initial entry: must be set to .
On intermediate exit:
or
, and
X and
Y contain the elements of
and
matrices respectively. The calling program must
(a) |
if , evaluate and store the result in Y
or
if , evaluate and store the result in X, where is the complex conjugate transpose; |
(b) |
call F04ZDF once again, with all the parameters unchanged. |
On intermediate re-entry:
IREVCM must be unchanged.
On final exit: .
- 2: M – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of rows of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
- 3: N – INTEGERInput
On initial entry: , the order of the matrix .
Constraint:
.
- 4: X(LDX,) – COMPLEX (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
-
Note: the second dimension of the array
X
must be at least
.
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate exit:
if , contains the current matrix .
On intermediate re-entry: if , must contain .
On final exit: the array is undefined.
- 5: LDX – INTEGERInput
On initial entry: the leading dimension of the array
X as declared in the (sub)program from which F04ZDF is called.
Constraint:
.
- 6: Y(LDY,) – COMPLEX (KIND=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
-
Note: the second dimension of the array
Y
must be at least
.
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate exit:
if , contains the current matrix .
On intermediate re-entry: if , must contain .
On final exit: the array is undefined.
- 7: LDY – INTEGERInput
On initial entry: the leading dimension of the array
Y as declared in the (sub)program from which F04ZDF is called.
Constraint:
.
- 8: ESTNRM – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input/Output
-
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate re-entry: must not be changed.
On final exit: an estimate (a lower bound) for .
- 9: T – INTEGERInput
On entry: the number of columns
of the matrices
and
. This is a parameter that can be used to control the accuracy and reliability of the estimate and corresponds roughly to the number of columns of
that are visited during each iteration of the algorithm.
If then a partly random starting matrix is used in the algorithm.
Suggested value:
.
Constraint:
.
- 10: SEED – INTEGERInput
On entry: the seed used for random number generation.
If
,
SEED is not used.
- 11: WORK() – COMPLEX (KIND=nag_wp) arrayCommunication Array
- 12: RWORK() – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayCommunication Array
- 13: IWORK() – INTEGER arrayCommunication Array
-
On initial entry: need not be set.
On intermediate re-entry: must not be changed.
- 14: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
-
On entry:
IFAIL must be set to
,
. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to
Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is
.
When the value is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit:
unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see
Section 6).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
or
, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
-
Internal error; please contact
NAG.
-
On entry, .
Constraint: , or .
On initial entry, .
Constraint: .
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
-
On entry, and .
Constraint: .
-
On entry, and .
Constraint: .
-
On entry, and .
Constraint: .
7 Accuracy
In extensive tests on
random matrices of size up to
the estimate
ESTNRM has been found always to be within a factor two of
; often the estimate has many correct figures. However, matrices exist for which the estimate is smaller than
by an arbitrary factor; such matrices are very unlikely to arise in practice. See
Higham and Tisseur (2000) for further details.
For most problems the time taken during calls to F04ZDF will be negligible compared with the time spent evaluating matrix products between calls to F04ZDF.
The number of matrix products required depends on the matrix . At most six products of the form and five products of the form will be required. The number of iterations is independent of the choice of .
It is your responsibility to guard against potential overflows during evaluation of the matrix products. In particular, when estimating using a triangular factorization of , F04ZDF should not be called if one of the factors is exactly singular – otherwise division by zero may occur in the substitutions.
8.3 Choice of
The parameter controls the accuracy and reliability of the estimate. For , the algorithm behaves similarly to the LAPACK estimator xLACON. Increasing typically improves the estimate, without increasing the number of iterations required.
For
, random matrices are used in the algorithm, so for repeatable results the value of
SEED should be kept constant.
A value of is recommended for new users.
To estimate the
-norm of the inverse of a matrix
, the following skeleton code can normally be used:
... code to factorize A ...
IF (A is not singular) THEN
IREVCM = 0
10 CALL F04ZDF (IREVCM,M,N,X,LDX,Y,LDY,ESTNRM,T,SEED,WORK, &
RWORK,IWORK,IFAIL)
IF (IREVCM.NE.0) THEN
IF (IREVCM.EQ.1) THEN
... code to compute Y=inv(A)X ...
ELSE
... code to compute X=inv(herm(A))Y ...
END IF
GO TO 10
END IF
END IF
To compute
or
, solve the equation
or
storing the result in
Y or
X respectively. The code will vary, depending on the type of the matrix
, and the NAG routine used to factorize
.
The example program in
Section 9 illustrates how F04ZDF can be used in conjunction with NAG Library routine for
factorization of complex matrices
F07ARF (ZGETRF)).
It is also straightforward to use F04ZDF for Hermitian positive definite matrices, using
F06TFF,
F07FRF (ZPOTRF) and
F07FSF (ZPOTRS) for factorization and solution.
For upper or lower triangular square matrices, no factorization routine is needed:
and
may be computed by calls to
F06SJF (ZTRSV) (or
F06SKF (ZTBSV) if the matrix is banded, or
F06SLF (ZTPSV) if the matrix is stored in packed form).
9 Example
This example estimates the condition number
of the order
matrix
9.1 Program Text
Program Text (f04zdfe.f90)
9.2 Program Data
Program Data (f04zdfe.d)
9.3 Program Results
Program Results (f04zdfe.r)