NAG Library Routine Document
G01EPF
1 Purpose
G01EPF calculates upper and lower bounds for the significance of a Durbin–Watson statistic.
2 Specification
INTEGER |
N, IP, IFAIL |
REAL (KIND=nag_wp) |
D, PDL, PDU, WORK(N) |
|
3 Description
Let
be the residuals from a linear regression of
on
independent variables, including the mean, where the
values
can be considered as a time series. The Durbin–Watson test (see
Durbin and Watson (1950),
Durbin and Watson (1951) and
Durbin and Watson (1971)) can be used to test for serial correlation in the error term in the regression.
The Durbin–Watson test statistic is:
which can be written as
where the
by
matrix
is given by
with the nonzero eigenvalues of the matrix
being
, for
.
Durbin and Watson show that the exact distribution of
depends on the eigenvalues of a matrix
, where
is the hat matrix of independent variables, i.e., the matrix such that the vector of fitted values,
, can be written as
. However, bounds on the distribution can be obtained, the lower bound being
and the upper bound being
where
are independent standard Normal variables.
Two algorithms are used to compute the lower tail (significance level) probabilities,
and
, associated with
and
. If
the procedure due to
Pan (1964) is used, see
Farebrother (1980), otherwise Imhof's method (see
Imhof (1961)) is used.
The bounds are for the usual test of positive correlation; if a test of negative correlation is required the value of should be replaced by .
4 References
Durbin J and Watson G S (1950) Testing for serial correlation in least-squares regression. I Biometrika 37 409–428
Durbin J and Watson G S (1951) Testing for serial correlation in least-squares regression. II Biometrika 38 159–178
Durbin J and Watson G S (1971) Testing for serial correlation in least-squares regression. III Biometrika 58 1–19
Farebrother R W (1980) Algorithm AS 153. Pan's procedure for the tail probabilities of the Durbin–Watson statistic Appl. Statist. 29 224–227
Imhof J P (1961) Computing the distribution of quadratic forms in Normal variables Biometrika 48 419–426
Newbold P (1988) Statistics for Business and Economics Prentice–Hall
Pan Jie–Jian (1964) Distributions of the noncircular serial correlation coefficients Shuxue Jinzhan 7 328–337
5 Parameters
- 1: N – INTEGERInput
On entry: , the number of observations used in calculating the Durbin–Watson statistic.
Constraint:
.
- 2: IP – INTEGERInput
On entry: , the number of independent variables in the regression model, including the mean.
Constraint:
.
- 3: D – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input
On entry: , the Durbin–Watson statistic.
Constraint:
.
- 4: PDL – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Output
On exit: lower bound for the significance of the Durbin–Watson statistic, .
- 5: PDU – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Output
On exit: upper bound for the significance of the Durbin–Watson statistic, .
- 6: WORK(N) – REAL (KIND=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace
- 7: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output
-
On entry:
IFAIL must be set to
,
. If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to
Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value
is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value
is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is
.
When the value is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.
On exit:
unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see
Section 6).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
If on entry
or
, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by
X04AAF).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
7 Accuracy
On successful exit at least decimal places of accuracy are achieved.
If the exact probabilities are required, then the first
eigenvalues of
can be computed and
G01JDF used to compute the required probabilities with
C set to
and
D to the Durbin–Watson statistic.
9 Example
The values of , and the Durbin–Watson statistic are input and the bounds for the significance level calculated and printed.
9.1 Program Text
Program Text (g01epfe.f90)
9.2 Program Data
Program Data (g01epfe.d)
9.3 Program Results
Program Results (g01epfe.r)