NAG Library Function Document
nag_rand_field_2d_generate (g05zsc)
1 Purpose
nag_rand_field_2d_generate (g05zsc) produces realizations of a stationary Gaussian random field in two dimensions, using the circulant embedding method. The square roots of the eigenvalues of the extended covariance matrix (or embedding matrix) need to be input, and can be calculated using
nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup (g05zqc) or
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc).
2 Specification
#include <nag.h> |
#include <nagg05.h> |
void |
nag_rand_field_2d_generate (const Integer ns[],
Integer s,
const Integer m[],
const double lam[],
double rho,
Integer state[],
double z[],
NagError *fail) |
|
3 Description
A two-dimensional random field in is a function which is random at every point , so is a random variable for each . The random field has a mean function and a symmetric positive semidefinite covariance function . is a Gaussian random field if for any choice of and , the random vector follows a multivariate Normal distribution, which would have a mean vector with entries and a covariance matrix with entries . A Gaussian random field is stationary if is constant for all and for all and hence we can express the covariance function as a function of one variable: . is known as a variogram (or more correctly, a semivariogram) and includes the multiplicative factor representing the variance such that .
The functions
nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup (g05zqc) or
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc) along with nag_rand_field_2d_generate (g05zsc) are used to simulate a two-dimensional stationary Gaussian random field, with mean function zero and variogram
, over a domain
, using an equally spaced set of
points;
points in the
-direction and
points in the
-direction. The problem reduces to sampling a Gaussian random vector
of size
, with mean vector zero and a symmetric covariance matrix
, which is an
by
block Toeplitz matrix with Toeplitz blocks of size
by
. Since
is in general expensive to factorize, a technique known as the
circulant embedding method is used.
is embedded into a larger, symmetric matrix
, which is an
by
block circulant matrix with circulant bocks of size
by
, where
and
.
can now be factorized as
, where
is the two-dimensional Fourier matrix (
is the complex conjugate of
),
is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues of
and
.
is known as the embedding matrix. The eigenvalues can be calculated by performing a discrete Fourier transform of the first row (or column) of
and multiplying by
, and so only the first row (or column) of
is needed – the whole matrix does not need to be formed.
The symmetry of as a block matrix, and the symmetry of each block of , depends on whether the covariance function is even or not. is even if for all , and uneven otherwise (in higher dimensions, can be even in some coordinates and uneven in others, but in two dimensions is either even in both coordinates or uneven in both coordinates). If is even then is a symmetric block matrix and has symmetric blocks; if is uneven then is not a symmetric block matrix and has non-symmetric blocks. In the uneven case, and are set to be odd in order to guarantee symmetry in .
As long as all of the values of are non-negative (i.e., is positive semidefinite), is a covariance matrix for a random vector which has ‘blocks’ of size . Two samples of can now be simulated from the real and imaginary parts of , where and have elements from the standard Normal distribution. Since , this calculation can be done using a discrete Fourier transform of the vector . Two samples of the random vector can now be recovered by taking the first elements of the first blocks of each sample of – because the original covariance matrix is embedded in , will have the correct distribution.
If
is not positive semidefinite, larger embedding matrices
can be tried; however if the size of the matrix would have to be larger than
maxm, an approximation procedure is used. See the documentation of
nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup (g05zqc) or
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc) for details of the approximation procedure.
nag_rand_field_2d_generate (g05zsc) takes the square roots of the eigenvalues of the embedding matrix , and its size vector , as input and outputs realizations of the random field in .
One of the initialization functions
nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or
nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc) (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to nag_rand_field_2d_generate (g05zsc).
4 References
Dietrich C R and Newsam G N (1997) Fast and exact simulation of stationary Gaussian processes through circulant embedding of the covariance matrix SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 18 1088–1107
Schlather M (1999) Introduction to positive definite functions and to unconditional simulation of random fields Technical Report ST 99–10 Lancaster University
Wood A T A and Chan G (1994) Simulation of stationary Gaussian processes in Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 3(4) 409–432
5 Arguments
- 1:
ns[] – const IntegerInput
On entry: the number of sample points to use in each direction, with
sample points in the
-direction and
sample points in the
-direction. The total number of sample points on the grid is therefore
. This must be the same value as supplied to
nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup (g05zqc) or
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc) when calculating the eigenvalues of the embedding matrix.
- 2:
s – IntegerInput
On entry: , the number of realizations of the random field to simulate.
Constraint:
.
- 3:
m[] – const IntegerInput
On entry: indicates the size,
, of the embedding matrix as returned by
nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup (g05zqc) or
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc). The embedding matrix is a block circulant matrix with circulant blocks.
is the size of each block, and
is the number of blocks.
Constraints:
- ;
- .
- 4:
lam[] – const doubleInput
On entry: contains the square roots of the eigenvalues of the embedding matrix, as returned by
nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup (g05zqc) or
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc).
Constraint:
, .
- 5:
rho – doubleInput
On entry: indicates the scaling of the covariance matrix, as returned by
nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup (g05zqc) or
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc).
Constraint:
.
- 6:
state[] – IntegerCommunication Array
-
Note: the dimension,
, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument
state in the previous call to
nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) or
nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc).
On entry: contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.
On exit: contains updated information on the state of the generator.
- 7:
z[] – doubleOutput
-
Note: the dimension,
dim, of the array
z
must be at least
.
On exit: contains the realizations of the random field.
The
th realization (where
) of the random field on the two-dimensional grid
is stored in
, for
and for
. The points are returned in
xx and
yy by
nag_rand_field_2d_user_setup (g05zqc) or
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc)
.
- 8:
fail – NagError *Input/Output
-
The NAG error argument (see
Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
- NE_BAD_PARAM
-
On entry, argument had an illegal value.
- NE_INT
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
- NE_INT_ARRAY
-
On entry, .
Constraint: , .
- NE_INT_ARRAY_2
-
On entry, , and .
Constraints: , for .
- NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
-
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact
NAG for assistance.
- NE_INVALID_STATE
-
On entry,
state vector has been corrupted or not initialized.
- NE_NEG_ELEMENT
-
On entry, at least one element of
lam was negative.
Constraint: all elements of
lam must be non-negative.
- NE_REAL
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
7 Accuracy
Not applicable.
8 Parallelism and Performance
nag_rand_field_2d_generate (g05zsc) is not threaded by NAG in any implementation.
nag_rand_field_2d_generate (g05zsc) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the
Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
Because samples are generated in pairs, calling this routine times, with , say, will generate a different sequence of numbers than calling the routine once with , unless is even.
10 Example
This example calls nag_rand_field_2d_generate (g05zsc) to generate
realizations of a two-dimensional random field on a
by
grid. This uses eigenvalues of the embedding covariance matrix for a symmetric stable variogram as calculated by
nag_rand_field_2d_predef_setup (g05zrc) with
.
10.1 Program Text
Program Text (g05zsce.c)
10.2 Program Data
Program Data (g05zsce.d)
10.3 Program Results
Program Results (g05zsce.r)