NAG Library Function Document
nag_rand_field_1d_generate (g05zpc)
1 Purpose
nag_rand_field_1d_generate (g05zpc) produces realizations of a stationary Gaussian random field in one dimension, using the circulant embedding method. The square roots of the eigenvalues of the extended covariance matrix (or embedding matrix) need to be input, and can be calculated using
nag_rand_field_1d_user_setup (g05zmc) or
nag_rand_field_1d_predef_setup (g05znc).
2 Specification
#include <nag.h> |
#include <nagg05.h> |
void |
nag_rand_field_1d_generate (Integer ns,
Integer s,
Integer m,
const double lam[],
double rho,
Integer state[],
double z[],
NagError *fail) |
|
3 Description
A one-dimensional random field in is a function which is random at every point , so is a random variable for each . The random field has a mean function and a symmetric non-negative definite covariance function . is a Gaussian random field if for any choice of and , the random vector follows a multivariate Normal distribution, which would have a mean vector with entries and a covariance matrix with entries . A Gaussian random field is stationary if is constant for all and for all and hence we can express the covariance function as a function of one variable: . is known as a variogram (or more correctly, a semivariogram) and includes the multiplicative factor representing the variance such that .
The functions
nag_rand_field_1d_user_setup (g05zmc) or
nag_rand_field_1d_predef_setup (g05znc), along with nag_rand_field_1d_generate (g05zpc), are used to simulate a one-dimensional stationary Gaussian random field, with mean function zero and variogram
, over an interval
, using an equally spaced set of
points. The problem reduces to sampling a Normal random vector
of size
, with mean vector zero and a symmetric Toeplitz covariance matrix
. Since
is in general expensive to factorize, a technique known as the
circulant embedding method is used.
is embedded into a larger, symmetric circulant matrix
of size
, which can now be factorized as
, where
is the Fourier matrix (
is the complex conjugate of
),
is the diagonal matrix containing the eigenvalues of
and
.
is known as the embedding matrix. The eigenvalues can be calculated by performing a discrete Fourier transform of the first row (or column) of
and multiplying by
, and so only the first row (or column) of
is needed – the whole matrix does not need to be formed.
As long as all of the values of are non-negative (i.e., is non-negative definite), is a covariance matrix for a random vector , two samples of which can now be simulated from the real and imaginary parts of , where and have elements from the standard Normal distribution. Since , this calculation can be done using a discrete Fourier transform of the vector . Two samples of the random vector can now be recovered by taking the first elements of each sample of – because the original covariance matrix is embedded in , will have the correct distribution.
If
is not non-negative definite, larger embedding matrices
can be tried; however if the size of the matrix would have to be larger than
maxm, an approximation procedure is used. See the documentation of
nag_rand_field_1d_user_setup (g05zmc) or
nag_rand_field_1d_predef_setup (g05znc) for details of the approximation procedure.
nag_rand_field_1d_generate (g05zpc) takes the square roots of the eigenvalues of the embedding matrix , and its size , as input and outputs realizations of the random field in .
One of the initialization functions
nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) (for a repeatable sequence if computed sequentially) or
nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc) (for a non-repeatable sequence) must be called prior to the first call to nag_rand_field_1d_generate (g05zpc).
4 References
Dietrich C R and Newsam G N (1997) Fast and exact simulation of stationary Gaussian processes through circulant embedding of the covariance matrix SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 18 1088–1107
Schlather M (1999) Introduction to positive definite functions and to unconditional simulation of random fields Technical Report ST 99–10 Lancaster University
Wood A T A and Chan G (1994) Simulation of stationary Gaussian processes in Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics 3(4) 409–432
5 Arguments
- 1:
ns – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of sample points to be generated in realizations of the random field. This must be the same value as supplied to
nag_rand_field_1d_user_setup (g05zmc) or
nag_rand_field_1d_predef_setup (g05znc) when calculating the eigenvalues of the embedding matrix.
Constraint:
.
- 2:
s – IntegerInput
On entry: , the number of realizations of the random field to simulate.
Constraint:
.
- 3:
m – IntegerInput
Constraint:
.
- 4:
lam[m] – const doubleInput
-
On entry: must contain the square roots of the eigenvalues of the embedding matrix, as returned by
nag_rand_field_1d_user_setup (g05zmc) or
nag_rand_field_1d_predef_setup (g05znc).
Constraint:
.
- 5:
rho – doubleInput
On entry: indicates the scaling of the covariance matrix, as returned by
nag_rand_field_1d_user_setup (g05zmc) or
nag_rand_field_1d_predef_setup (g05znc).
Constraint:
.
- 6:
state[] – IntegerCommunication Array
-
Note: the dimension,
, of this array is dictated by the requirements of associated functions that must have been previously called. This array MUST be the same array passed as argument
state in the previous call to
nag_rand_init_repeatable (g05kfc) or
nag_rand_init_nonrepeatable (g05kgc).
On entry: contains information on the selected base generator and its current state.
On exit: contains updated information on the state of the generator.
- 7:
z[] – doubleOutput
-
On exit: contains the realizations of the random field.
The
th realization, for the
ns sample points, is stored in
, for
. The sample points are as returned in
by
nag_rand_field_1d_user_setup (g05zmc) or
nag_rand_field_1d_predef_setup (g05znc).
- 8:
fail – NagError *Input/Output
-
The NAG error argument (see
Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
- NE_BAD_PARAM
-
On entry, argument had an illegal value.
- NE_INT
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
- NE_INT_2
-
On entry, and .
Constraint: .
- NE_INTERNAL_ERROR
-
An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact
NAG for assistance.
- NE_INVALID_STATE
-
On entry,
state vector has been corrupted or not initialized.
- NE_NEG_ELEMENT
-
On entry, at least one element of
lam was negative.
Constraint: all elements of
lam must be non-negative.
- NE_REAL
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
7 Accuracy
Not applicable.
8 Parallelism and Performance
nag_rand_field_1d_generate (g05zpc) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
Please consult the
Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.
Because samples are generated in pairs, calling this function times, with , say, will generate a different sequence of numbers than calling the function once with , unless is even.
10 Example
This example calls nag_rand_field_1d_generate (g05zpc) to generate
realizations of a random field on
sample points using eigenvalues calculated by
nag_rand_field_1d_predef_setup (g05znc) for a symmetric stable variogram.
10.1 Program Text
Program Text (g05zpce.c)
10.2 Program Data
Program Data (g05zpce.d)
10.3 Program Results
Program Results (g05zpce.r)