NAG Library Function Document
nag_anova_factorial (g04cac)
1 Purpose
nag_anova_factorial (g04cac) computes an analysis of variance table and treatment means for a complete factorial design.
2 Specification
#include <nag.h> |
#include <nagg04.h> |
void |
nag_anova_factorial (Integer n,
const double y[],
Integer nfac,
const Integer lfac[],
Integer nblock,
Integer inter,
Integer irdf,
Integer *mterm,
double **table,
double **tmean,
Integer *maxt,
double **e,
Integer **imean,
double **semean,
double **bmean,
double r[],
NagError *fail) |
|
3 Description
An experiment consists of a collection of units, or plots, to which a number of treatments are applied. In a factorial experiment the effects of several different sets of conditions are compared, e.g., three different temperatures,
,
and
, and two different pressures,
and
. The conditions are known as factors and the different values the conditions take are known as levels. In a factorial experiment the experimental treatments are the combinations of all the different levels of all factors, e.g.,
The effect of a factor averaged over all other factors is known as a main effect, and the effect of a combination of some of the factors averaged over all other factors is known as an interaction. This can be represented by a linear model. In the above example if the response was
for the
th replicate of the
th level of
and the
th level of
the linear model would be
where
is the overall mean,
is the main effect of
,
is the main effect of
,
is the
interaction and
is the random error term. In order to find unique estimates constraints are placed on the parameter estimates. For the example here these are:
where
denotes the estimate.
If there is variation in the experimental conditions, (e.g., in an experiment on the production of a material, different batches of raw material, may be used, or the experiment may be carried out on different days) then plots that are similar are grouped together into blocks. For a balanced complete factorial experiment all the treatment combinations occur the same number of times in each block.
nag_anova_factorial (g04cac) computes the analysis of variance (ANOVA) table by sequentially computing the totals and means for an effect from the residuals computed when previous effects have been removed. The effect sum of squares is the sum of squared totals divided by the number of observations per total. The means are then subtracted from the residuals to compute a new set of residuals. At the same time the means for the original data are computed. When all effects are removed the residual sum of squares is computed from the residuals. Given the sums of squares an ANOVA table is then computed along with standard errors for the difference in treatment means.
The data for nag_anova_factorial (g04cac) has to be in standard order given by the order of the factors. Let there be factors, in that order with levels respectively. Standard order requires the levels of factor are in order and within each level of the levels of are in order and so on.
For an experiment with blocks the data is for block 1 then for block 2, etc. Within each block the data must be arranged so that the levels of factor are in order and within each level of the levels of are in order and so on. Any within block replication of treatment combinations must occur within the levels of .
The ANOVA table is given in the following order. For a complete factorial experiment the first row is for blocks, if present, then the main effects of the factors in their order, e.g.,
followed by
etc. These are then followed by all the two factor interactions then all the three factor interactions etc. The last two rows being for the residual and total sums of squares. The interactions are arranged in lexical order for the given factor order. For example, for the three factor interactions for a five factor experiment the 10 interactions would be in the following order:
4 References
John J A and Quenouille M H (1977) Experiments: Design and Analysis Griffin
5 Arguments
- 1:
n – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of observations.
Constraints:
- .
- n must be a multiple of nblock if .
- n must be a multiple of the number of treatment combinations, that is a multiple of .
- 2:
y[n] – const doubleInput
-
On entry: the number of observations in standard order, see
Section 3.
- 3:
nfac – IntegerInput
On entry: the number of factors, .
Constraint:
.
- 4:
lfac[nfac] – const IntegerInput
-
On entry: must contain the number of levels for the th factor, for .
Constraint:
, for .
- 5:
nblock – IntegerInput
-
On entry: the number of blocks. If there are no blocks, set or 1.
Constraint:
.
If
,
n/
nblock must be a multiple of the number of treatment combinations, that is a multiple of
.
- 6:
inter – IntegerInput
-
On entry: the maximum number of factors in an interaction term. If no interaction terms are to be computed, set or 1.
Constraint:
.
- 7:
irdf – IntegerInput
-
On entry: the adjustment to the residual and total degrees of freedom. The total degrees of freedom are set to
and the residual degrees of freedom adjusted accordingly. For examples of the use of
irdf see
Section 9.
Constraint:
.
- 8:
mterm – Integer *Output
-
On exit: the number of terms in the analysis of variance table, see
Section 9.
The number of treatment effects is .
- 9:
table – double **Output
-
On exit: a pointer which points to
memory locations, allocated internally. Viewing this memory as a two-dimensional
array, the first
mterm rows of
table contain the analysis of variance table. The first column contains the degrees of freedom, the second column contains the sum of squares, the third column (except for the row corresponding to the total sum of squares) contains the mean squares, i.e., the sums of squares divided by the degrees of freedom, and the fourth and fifth columns contain the
ratio and significance level, respectively (except for rows corresponding to the total sum of squares, and the residual sum of squares). All other cells of the table are set to zero.
The first row corresponds to the blocks and is set to zero if there are no blocks. The
mtermth row corresponds to the total sum of squares for
y and the
th row corresponds to the residual sum of squares. The central rows of the table correspond to the main effects followed by the interaction if specified by
inter. The main effects are in the order specified by
lfac and the interactions are in lexical order, see
Section 3.
- 10:
tmean – double **Output
-
On exit: a pointer pointing to
maxt memory locations, allocated internally. It contains the treatment means. The position of the means for an effect is given by the index in
imean. For a given effect the means are in standard order, see
Section 3.
- 11:
maxt – Integer *Output
-
On exit: the number of treatment means that have been computed, see
Section 9.
- 12:
e – double **Output
-
On exit: a pointer pointing to
maxt memory locations, allocated internally. It contains the estimated effects in the same order as for the means in
tmean.
- 13:
imean – Integer **Output
-
On exit: a pointer pointing to
mterm memory locations, allocated internally. It indicates the position of the effect means in
tmean. The effect means corresponding to the first treatment effect in the ANOVA table are stored in
up to
. Other effect means corresponding to the
th treatment effect, for
, are stored in
up to
.
- 14:
semean – double **Output
-
On exit: a pointer pointing to
mterm memory locations, allocated internally. It contains the standard error of the difference between means corresponding to the
th treatment effect in the ANOVA table.
- 15:
bmean – double **Output
-
On exit: a pointer pointing to memory locations, allocated internally. contains the grand mean, if , up to contain the block means.
- 16:
r[n] – doubleOutput
-
On exit: the residuals.
- 17:
fail – NagError *Input/Output
-
The NAG error argument (see
Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).
6 Error Indicators and Warnings
- NE_2_INT_ARG_GT
-
On entry, while . These arguments must satisfy .
- NE_ALLOC_FAIL
-
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
- NE_ARRAY_CONSTANT
-
On entry, the elements of the array
y are constant.
- NE_G04CA_RES_DF
-
There are no degrees of freedom for the residual or the residual sum of squares is zero. In either case the standard errors and -statistics cannot be computed.
- NE_INT_2
-
On entry,
,
.
Constraint:
n must be a multiple of
nblock, when
.
- NE_INT_ARG_LT
-
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
On entry, .
Constraint: .
- NE_INTARR
-
On entry, .
Constraint: , for .
- NE_PLOT_TREAT
-
The number of plots per block is not a multiple of the number of treatment combinations.
7 Accuracy
The block and treatment sums of squares are computed from the block and treatment residual totals. The residuals are updated as each effect is computed and the residual sum of squares computed directly from the residuals. This avoids any loss of accuracy in subtracting sums of squares.
8 Parallelism and Performance
Not applicable.
The number of rows in the ANOVA table and the number of treatment means are given by the following formulae.
Let there be
factors with levels
, for
, and let
be the maximum number of terms in an interaction, then the number of rows in the ANOVA table is
The number of treatment means is
where
is the set of all combinations of the
factors
at a time.
To estimate missing values the Healy and Westmacott procedure or its derivatives may be used, see
John and Quenouille (1977). This is an iterative procedure in which estimates of the missing values are adjusted by subtracting the corresponding values of the residuals. The new estimates are then used in the analysis of variance. This process is repeated until convergence. A suitable initial value may be the grand mean. When using this procedure
irdf should be set to the number of missing values plus one to obtain the correct degrees of freedom for the residual sum of squares.
For analysis of covariance the residuals are obtained from an analysis of variance of both the response variable and the covariates. The residuals from the response variable are then regressed on the residuals from the covariates using, say,
nag_regress_confid_interval (g02cbc) or
nag_regsn_mult_linear (g02dac). The coefficients obtained from the regression can be examined for significance and used to produce an adjusted dependent variable using the original response variable and covariate. An approximate adjusted analysis of variance table can then be produced by using the adjusted dependent variable. In this case
irdf should be set to one plus the number of fitted covariates.
For designs such as Latin squares one more of the blocking factors has to be removed in a preliminary analysis before the final analysis. This preliminary analysis can be performed using
nag_anova_random (g04bbc) or a prior call to nag_anova_factorial (g04cac) if the data is reordered between calls. The residuals from the preliminary analysis are then input to nag_anova_factorial (g04cac). In these cases
irdf should be set to the difference between
n and the residual degrees of freedom from preliminary analysis. Care should be taken when using this approach as there is no check on the orthogonality of the two analyses.
If nag_anova_factorial (g04cac) is to be called repeatedly then the memory allocated to
table,
tmean,
e,
imean,
semean, and
bmean must be freed between calls. You are advised to call
nag_anova_factorial_free (g04czc) to achieve this.
10 Example
The data, given by
John and Quenouille (1977), is for the yield of turnips for a factorial experiment with two factors, the amount of phosphate with 6 levels and the amount of liming with 3 levels. The design was replicated in 3 blocks. The data is input and the analysis of variance computed. The analysis of variance table and tables of means with their standard errors are printed.
10.1 Program Text
Program Text (g04cace.c)
10.2 Program Data
Program Data (g04cace.d)
10.3 Program Results
Program Results (g04cace.r)