NAG Library Function Document

nag_ztprfs (f07uvc)

void	nag_ztprfs (Nag_OrderType order, Nag_UploType uplo, Nag_TransType trans, Nag_DiagType diag, Integer n, Integer nrhs, const Complex ap[], const Complex b[], Integer pdb, const Complex x[], Integer pdx, double ferr[], double berr[], NagError *fail)

3 Description

nag_ztprfs (f07uvc) returns the backward errors and estimated bounds on the forward errors for the solution of a complex triangular system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides

A X = B

A^{T} X = B

A^{H} X = B

, using packed storage. The function handles each right-hand side vector (stored as a column of the matrix

B

) independently, so we describe the function of nag_ztprfs (f07uvc) in terms of a single right-hand side

b

and solution

x

Given a computed solution

x

, the function computes the component-wise backward error

β

. This is the size of the smallest relative perturbation in each element of

A

and

b

such that

x

is the exact solution of a perturbed system

\begin{matrix} (A + δ A) x = b + δ b \\ |δ a_{i j}| \leq β |a_{i j}| and |δ b_{i}| \leq β |b_{i}| . \end{matrix}

Then the function estimates a bound for the component-wise forward error in the computed solution, defined by:

\max_{i} |x_{i} - {\hat{x}}_{i}| / \max_{i} |x_{i}|

where

\hat{x}

is the true solution.

For details of the method, see the f07 Chapter Introduction.

4 References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5 Arguments

1: order – Nag_OrderTypeInput

On entry: the order argument specifies the two-dimensional storage scheme being used, i.e., row-major ordering or column-major ordering. C language defined storage is specified by

order = Nag_RowMajor

. See Section 3.2.1.3 in the Essential Introduction for a more detailed explanation of the use of this argument.

Constraint:

order = Nag_RowMajor

Nag_ColMajor

2: uplo – Nag_UploTypeInput

On entry: specifies whether

A

is upper or lower triangular.

$uplo = Nag_Upper$: $A$ is upper triangular.
$uplo = Nag_Lower$: $A$ is lower triangular.

Constraint:

uplo = Nag_Upper

Nag_Lower

3: trans – Nag_TransTypeInput

On entry: indicates the form of the equations.

$trans = Nag_NoTrans$: The equations are of the form $A X = B$ .
$trans = Nag_Trans$: The equations are of the form $A^{T} X = B$ .
$trans = Nag_ConjTrans$: The equations are of the form $A^{H} X = B$ .

Constraint:

trans = Nag_NoTrans

Nag_Trans

Nag_ConjTrans

4: diag – Nag_DiagTypeInput

On entry: indicates whether

A

is a nonunit or unit triangular matrix.

$diag = Nag_NonUnitDiag$: $A$ is a nonunit triangular matrix.
$diag = Nag_UnitDiag$: $A$ is a unit triangular matrix; the diagonal elements are not referenced and are assumed to be $1$ .

Constraint:

diag = Nag_NonUnitDiag

Nag_UnitDiag

5: n – IntegerInput

On entry:

n

, the order of the matrix

A

Constraint:

n \geq 0

6: nrhs – IntegerInput

On entry:

r

, the number of right-hand sides.

Constraint:

nrhs \geq 0

7: ap[ $\dim$ ] – const ComplexInput

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array ap must be at least

\max (1, n \times (n + 1) / 2)

On entry: the

n

n

triangular matrix

A

, packed by rows or columns.

The storage of elements

A_{i j}

depends on the order and uplo arguments as follows:

if $order = Nag_ColMajor$ and $uplo = Nag_Upper$ ,
$A_{i j}$ is stored in $ap [(j - 1) \times j / 2 + i - 1]$ , for $i \leq j$ ;
if $order = Nag_ColMajor$ and $uplo = Nag_Lower$ ,
$A_{i j}$ is stored in $ap [(2 n - j) \times (j - 1) / 2 + i - 1]$ , for $i \geq j$ ;
if $order = Nag_RowMajor$ and $uplo = Nag_Upper$ ,
$A_{i j}$ is stored in $ap [(2 n - i) \times (i - 1) / 2 + j - 1]$ , for $i \leq j$ ;
if $order = Nag_RowMajor$ and $uplo = Nag_Lower$ ,
$A_{i j}$ is stored in $ap [(i - 1) \times i / 2 + j - 1]$ , for $i \geq j$ .

diag = Nag_UnitDiag

, the diagonal elements of

AP

are assumed to be

1

, and are not referenced; the same storage scheme is used whether

diag = Nag_NonUnitDiag

diag = Nag_UnitDiag

8: b[ $\dim$ ] – const ComplexInput

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array b must be at least

$\max (1, pdb \times nrhs)$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$\max (1, n \times pdb)$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

The

(i, j)

th element of the matrix

B

is stored in

$b [(j - 1) \times pdb + i - 1]$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$b [(i - 1) \times pdb + j - 1]$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

On entry: the

n

r

right-hand side matrix

B

9: pdb – IntegerInput

On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array b.

Constraints:

if $order = Nag_ColMajor$ , $pdb \geq \max (1, n)$ ;
if $order = Nag_RowMajor$ , $pdb \geq \max (1, nrhs)$ .

10: x[ $\dim$ ] – const ComplexInput

Note: the dimension, dim, of the array x must be at least

$\max (1, pdx \times nrhs)$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$\max (1, n \times pdx)$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

The

(i, j)

th element of the matrix

X

is stored in

$x [(j - 1) \times pdx + i - 1]$ when $order = Nag_ColMajor$ ;
$x [(i - 1) \times pdx + j - 1]$ when $order = Nag_RowMajor$ .

On entry: the

n

r

solution matrix

X

, as returned by nag_ztptrs (f07usc).

11: pdx – IntegerInput

On entry: the stride separating row or column elements (depending on the value of order) in the array x.

Constraints:

if $order = Nag_ColMajor$ , $pdx \geq \max (1, n)$ ;
if $order = Nag_RowMajor$ , $pdx \geq \max (1, nrhs)$ .

12: ferr[nrhs] – doubleOutput

On exit:

ferr [j - 1]

contains an estimated error bound for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

13: berr[nrhs] – doubleOutput

On exit:

berr [j - 1]

contains the component-wise backward error bound

β

for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

14: fail – NagError *Input/Output

The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $⟨value⟩$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT: On entry, $n = ⟨value⟩$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
On entry, $nrhs = ⟨value⟩$ .
Constraint: $nrhs \geq 0$ .
On entry, $pdb = ⟨value⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdb > 0$ .
On entry, $pdx = ⟨value⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdx > 0$ .
NE_INT_2: On entry, $pdb = ⟨value⟩$ and $n = ⟨value⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdb \geq \max (1, n)$ .
On entry, $pdb = ⟨value⟩$ and $nrhs = ⟨value⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdb \geq \max (1, nrhs)$ .
On entry, $pdx = ⟨value⟩$ and $n = ⟨value⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdx \geq \max (1, n)$ .
On entry, $pdx = ⟨value⟩$ and $nrhs = ⟨value⟩$ .
Constraint: $pdx \geq \max (1, nrhs)$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.

7 Accuracy

The bounds returned in ferr are not rigorous, because they are estimated, not computed exactly; but in practice they almost always overestimate the actual error.

8 Parallelism and Performance

nag_ztprfs (f07uvc) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

nag_ztprfs (f07uvc) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

A call to nag_ztprfs (f07uvc), for each right-hand side, involves solving a number of systems of linear equations of the form

A x = b

A^{H} x = b

; the number is usually

5

and never more than

11

. Each solution involves approximately

4 n^{2}

real floating-point operations.

The real analogue of this function is nag_dtprfs (f07uhc).

10 Example

This example solves the system of equations

A X = B

and to compute forward and backward error bounds, where

A = (\begin{array}{r} 4.78 + 4.56 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i \\ 2.00 - 0.30 i & - 4.11 + 1.25 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i \\ 2.89 - 1.34 i & 2.36 - 4.25 i & 4.15 + 0.80 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i \\ - 1.89 + 1.15 i & 0.04 - 3.69 i & - 0.02 + 0.46 i & 0.33 - 0.26 i \end{array})

and

B = (\begin{array}{r} - 14.78 - 32.36 i & - 18.02 + 28.46 i \\ 2.98 - 2.14 i & 14.22 + 15.42 i \\ - 20.96 + 17.06 i & 5.62 + 35.89 i \\ 9.54 + 9.91 i & - 16.46 - 1.73 i \end{array}),

using packed storage for

A

NAG Library Function Documentnag_ztprfs (f07uvc)

+− Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

NAG Library Function Document

nag_ztprfs (f07uvc)