NAG Library Function Document

nag_cubic_roots (c02akc)

1: u – doubleInput: On entry: $u$ , the coefficient of $z^{3}$ .
Constraint: $u \neq 0.0$ .
2: r – doubleInput: On entry: $r$ , the coefficient of $z^{2}$ .
3: s – doubleInput: On entry: $s$ , the coefficient of $z$ .
4: t – doubleInput: On entry: $t$ , the constant coefficient.
5: zeror[ $3$ ] – doubleOutput
6: zeroi[ $3$ ] – doubleOutput: On exit: $zeror [i - 1]$ and $zeroi [i - 1]$ contain the real and imaginary parts, respectively, of the $i$ th root.
7: errest[ $3$ ] – doubleOutput: On exit: $errest [i - 1]$ contains an approximate error estimate for the $i$ th root.
8: fail – NagError *Input/Output: The NAG error argument (see Section 3.6 in the Essential Introduction).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_C02_NOT_CONV: The iterative procedure used to determine the eigenvalues has failed to converge.
NE_C02_OVERFLOW: The companion matrix $H$ cannot be formed without overflow.
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
NE_REAL: On entry, $u = 0.0$ .
Constraint: $u \neq 0.0$ .

fail . code = NE_NOERROR

on exit, then the

i

th computed root should have approximately

|\log_{10} (errest [i - 1])|

correct significant digits.

Not applicable.

The method used by the function consists of the following steps, which are performed by functions from LAPACK.

(a)	Form $H$ .
(b)	Apply a diagonal similarity transformation to $H$ (to give $H^{'}$ ).
(c)	Calculate the eigenvalues and Schur factorization of $H^{'}$ .
(d)	Calculate the left and right eigenvectors of $H^{'}$ .
(e)	Estimate reciprocal condition numbers for all the eigenvalues of $H^{'}$ .
(f)	Calculate approximate error estimates for all the eigenvalues of $H^{'}$ (using the 1-norm).

To find the roots of the cubic equation

z^{3} + 3 z^{2} + 9 z - 13 = 0 .