NAG Library Routine Document

Integer, Intent (In)	::	n, kl, ku, nrhs, ldab, ldafb, ipiv(*), ldb, ldx
Integer, Intent (Out)	::	info
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	ferr(nrhs), berr(nrhs), rwork(n)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	ab(ldab,), afb(ldafb,), b(ldb,*)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout)	::	x(ldx,*)
Complex (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	work(2*n)
Character (1), Intent (In)	::	trans

C Header Interface

#include <nagmk26.h>

void

f07bvf_ (const char *trans, const Integer *n, const Integer *kl, const Integer *ku, const Integer *nrhs, const Complex ab[], const Integer *ldab, const Complex afb[], const Integer *ldafb, const Integer ipiv[], const Complex b[], const Integer *ldb, Complex x[], const Integer *ldx, double ferr[], double berr[], Complex work[], double rwork[], Integer *info, const Charlen length_trans)

The routine may be called by its LAPACK name zgbrfs.

3

Description

f07bvf (zgbrfs) returns the backward errors and estimated bounds on the forward errors for the solution of a complex band system of linear equations with multiple right-hand sides

A X = B

A^{T} X = B

A^{H} X = B

. The routine handles each right-hand side vector (stored as a column of the matrix

B

) independently, so we describe the function of f07bvf (zgbrfs) in terms of a single right-hand side

b

and solution

x

Given a computed solution

x

, the routine computes the component-wise backward error

β

. This is the size of the smallest relative perturbation in each element of

A

and

b

such that

x

is the exact solution of a perturbed system

\begin{matrix} (A + δ A) x = b + δ b \\ |δ a_{i j}| \leq β |a_{i j}| and |δ b_{i}| \leq β |b_{i}| . \end{matrix}

Then the routine estimates a bound for the component-wise forward error in the computed solution, defined by:

\max_{i} |x_{i} - {\hat{x}}_{i}| / \max_{i} |x_{i}|

where

\hat{x}

is the true solution.

For details of the method, see the F07 Chapter Introduction.

4

References

Golub G H and Van Loan C F (1996) Matrix Computations (3rd Edition) Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore

5

Arguments

1: $trans$ – Character(1)Input

On entry: indicates the form of the linear equations for which

X

is the computed solution as follows:

$trans ='N'$: The linear equations are of the form $A X = B$ .
$trans ='T'$: The linear equations are of the form $A^{T} X = B$ .
$trans ='C'$: The linear equations are of the form $A^{H} X = B$ .

Constraint:

trans ='N'

'T'

'C'

2: $n$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

n

, the order of the matrix

A

Constraint:

n \geq 0

3: $kl$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

k_{l}

, the number of subdiagonals within the band of the matrix

A

Constraint:

kl \geq 0

4: $ku$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

k_{u}

, the number of superdiagonals within the band of the matrix

A

Constraint:

ku \geq 0

5: $nrhs$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

r

, the number of right-hand sides.

Constraint:

nrhs \geq 0

6: $ab (ldab *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput

Note: the second dimension of the array ab must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the original

n

n

band matrix

A

as supplied to f07brf (zgbtrf).

The matrix is stored in rows

1

k_{l} + k_{u} + 1

, more precisely, the element

A_{i j}

must be stored in

ab (k_{u} + 1 + i - j, j) for ​ \max (1, j - k_{u}) \leq i \leq \min (n, j + k_{l}) .

See Section 9 in f07bnf (zgbsv) for further details.

7: $ldab$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array ab as declared in the (sub)program from which f07bvf (zgbrfs) is called.

Constraint:

ldab \geq kl + ku + 1

8: $afb (ldafb *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput

Note: the second dimension of the array afb must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the

L U

factorization of

A

, as returned by f07brf (zgbtrf).

9: $ldafb$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array afb as declared in the (sub)program from which f07bvf (zgbrfs) is called.

Constraint:

ldafb \geq 2 \times kl + ku + 1

10: $ipiv (*)$ – Integer arrayInput

Note: the dimension of the array ipiv must be at least

\max (1, n)

On entry: the pivot indices, as returned by f07brf (zgbtrf).

11: $b (ldb *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput

Note: the second dimension of the array b must be at least

\max (1, nrhs)

On entry: the

n

r

right-hand side matrix

B

12: $ldb$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array b as declared in the (sub)program from which f07bvf (zgbrfs) is called.

Constraint:

ldb \geq \max (1, n)

13: $x (ldx *)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output

Note: the second dimension of the array x must be at least

\max (1, nrhs)

On entry: the

n

r

solution matrix

X

, as returned by f07bsf (zgbtrs).

On exit: the improved solution matrix

X

14: $ldx$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array x as declared in the (sub)program from which f07bvf (zgbrfs) is called.

Constraint:

ldx \geq \max (1, n)

15: $ferr (nrhs)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput

On exit:

ferr (j)

contains an estimated error bound for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

16: $berr (nrhs)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput

On exit:

berr (j)

contains the component-wise backward error bound

β

for the

j

th solution vector, that is, the

j

th column of

X

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, r

17: $work (2 \times n)$ – Complex (Kind=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace

18: $rwork (n)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace

19: $info$ – IntegerOutput

On exit:

info = 0

unless the routine detects an error (see Section 6).

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

$info < 0$: If $info = - i$ , argument $i$ had an illegal value. An explanatory message is output, and execution of the program is terminated.

7

Accuracy

The bounds returned in ferr are not rigorous, because they are estimated, not computed exactly; but in practice they almost always overestimate the actual error.

8

Parallelism and Performance

f07bvf (zgbrfs) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

f07bvf (zgbrfs) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9

Further Comments

For each right-hand side, computation of the backward error involves a minimum of

16 n (k_{l} + k_{u})

real floating-point operations. Each step of iterative refinement involves an additional

8 n (4 k_{l} + 3 k_{u})

real operations. This assumes

n ≫ k_{l}

and

n ≫ k_{u}

. At most five steps of iterative refinement are performed, but usually only one or two steps are required.

Estimating the forward error involves solving a number of systems of linear equations of the form

A x = b

A^{H} x = b

; the number is usually

5

and never more than

11

. Each solution involves approximately

8 n (2 k_{l} + k_{u})

real operations.

The real analogue of this routine is f07bhf (dgbrfs).

10

Example

This example solves the system of equations

A X = B

using iterative refinement and to compute the forward and backward error bounds, where

A = (\begin{array}{r} - 1.65 + 2.26 i & - 2.05 - 0.85 i & 0.97 - 2.84 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i \\ 0.00 + 6.30 i & - 1.48 - 1.75 i & - 3.99 + 4.01 i & 0.59 - 0.48 i \\ 0.00 + 0.00 i & - 0.77 + 2.83 i & - 1.06 + 1.94 i & 3.33 - 1.04 i \\ 0.00 + 0.00 i & 0.00 + 0.00 i & 4.48 - 1.09 i & - 0.46 - 1.72 i \end{array})

and

B = (\begin{array}{r} - 1.06 + 21.50 i & 12.85 + 2.84 i \\ - 22.72 - 53.90 i & - 70.22 + 21.57 i \\ 28.24 - 38.60 i & - 20.73 - 1.23 i \\ - 34.56 + 16.73 i & 26.01 + 31.97 i \end{array}) .

Here

A

is nonsymmetric and is treated as a band matrix, which must first be factorized by f07brf (zgbtrf).

NAG Library Routine Document

f07bvf (zgbrfs)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

1

Purpose

2

Specification

3

Description

4

References

5

Arguments

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

7

Accuracy

8

Parallelism and Performance

9

Further Comments

10

Example

10.1

Program Text

10.2

Program Data

10.3

Program Results