Integer, Intent (In)	::	n, msize, ldc
Integer, Intent (Inout)	::	ncount(ldc,ldc,msize), ifail
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	x(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	ex, chi, df, prob
Character (1), Intent (In)	::	cl

C Header Interface

#include nagmk26.h

void	g08ecf_ ( const char cl, const Integer n, const double x[], const Integer msize, Integer ncount[], const Integer ldc, double ex, double chi, double df, double prob, Integer *ifail, const Charlen length_cl)

3

Description

g08ecf computes the statistics for performing a triplets test which may be used to investigate deviations from randomness in a sequence,

x = \{x_{i} : i = 1, 2, \dots, n\}

, of

[0, 1]

observations.

m

m

matrix,

C

, of counts is formed as follows. The element

c_{jkl}

C

is the number of triplets

(x_{i}, x_{i + 1}, x_{i + 2})

for

i = 1, 4, 7, \dots, n - 2

, such that

\frac{j - 1}{m} \leq x_{i} < \frac{j}{m}

\frac{k - 1}{m} \leq x_{i + 1} < \frac{k}{m}

\frac{l - 1}{m} \leq x_{i + 2} < \frac{l}{m} .

Note that all triplets formed are non-overlapping and are thus independent under the assumption of randomness.

Under the assumption that the sequence is random, the expected number of triplets for each class (i.e., each element of the count matrix) is the same; that is, the triplets should be uniformly distributed over the unit cube

{[0, 1]}^{3}

. Thus the expected number of triplets for each class is just the total number of triplets,

\sum_{j, k, l = 1}^{m} c_{jkl}

, divided by the number of classes,

m^{3}

The

χ^{2}

test statistic used to test the hypothesis of randomness is defined as

X^{2} = \sum_{j, k, l = 1}^{m} \frac{{(c_{jkl} - e)}^{2}}{e},

where

e = \sum_{j, k, l = 1}^{m} c_{jkl} / m^{3} =

expected number of triplets in each class.

The use of the

χ^{2}

-distribution as an approximation to the exact distribution of the test statistic,

X^{2}

, improves as the length of the sequence relative to

m

increases and hence the expected value,

e

, increases.

g08ecf may be used in two different modes:

(i)	a single call to g08ecf which computes all test statistics after counting the triplets;
(ii)	multiple calls to g08ecf with the final test statistics only being computed in the last call.

The second mode is necessary if all the data do not fit into the memory. See argument cl in Section 5 for details on how to invoke each mode.

4

References

Dagpunar J (1988) Principles of Random Variate Generation Oxford University Press

Knuth D E (1981) The Art of Computer Programming (Volume 2) (2nd Edition) Addison–Wesley

Morgan B J T (1984) Elements of Simulation Chapman and Hall

Ripley B D (1987) Stochastic Simulation Wiley

5

Arguments

1: $cl$ – Character(1)Input

On entry: indicates the type of call to g08ecf.

$cl ='S'$: This is the one and only call to g08ecf (single call mode). All data are to be input at once. All test statistics are computed after counting of the triplets is complete.
$cl ='F'$: This is the first call to the routine. All initializations are carried out and the counting of triplets begins. The final test statistics are not computed since further calls will be made to g08ecf.
$cl ='I'$: This is an intermediate call during which counts of the triplets are updated. The final test statistics are not computed since further calls will be made to g08ecf.
$cl ='L'$: This is the last call to g08ecf. The test statistics are computed after the final counting of the triplets is complete.

Constraint:

cl ='S'

'F'

'I'

'L'

2: $n$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

n

, the number of observations.

Constraints:

if $cl ='S'$ , $n \geq 3$ ;
otherwise $n \geq 1$ .

3: $x (n)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput

On entry: the sequence of observations.

Constraint:

0.0 \leq x (i) \leq 1.0

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

4: $msize$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

m

, the size of the count matrix to be formed.

msize must not be changed between calls to g08ecf.

Constraint:

msize \geq 2

5: $ncount (ldc, ldc, msize)$ – Integer arrayInput/Output

On entry: if

cl ='S'

'F'

, ncount need not be set.

cl ='I'

'L'

, ncount must contain the values returned by the previous call to g08ecf.

On exit: is an msize by msize by msize matrix containing the counts of the number of triplets,

c_{j k l}

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, m

k = 1, 2, \dots, m

and

l = 1, 2, \dots, m

6: $ldc$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array ncount and the second dimension of the array ncount as declared in the (sub)program from which g08ecf is called.

Constraint:

ldc \geq msize

7: $ex$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Output

On exit: if

cl ='S'

'L'

(i.e., if it is a final exit) then ex contains the expected number of counts for each element of the count matrix.

Otherwise ex is not set.

8: $chi$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Output

On exit: if

cl ='S'

'L'

(i.e., if it is a final exit) then chi contains the

χ^{2}

test statistic,

X^{2}

, for testing the null hypothesis of randomness.

Otherwise chi is not set.

9: $df$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Output

On exit: if

cl ='S'

'L'

(i.e., if it is a final exit) then df contains the degrees of freedom for the

χ^{2}

statistic.

Otherwise df is not set.

10: $prob$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Output

On exit: if

cl ='S'

'L'

(i.e., if it is a final exit) then prob contains the upper tail probability associated with the

χ^{2}

test statistic, i.e., the significance level.

Otherwise prob is not set.

11: $ifail$ – IntegerInput/Output

On entry: ifail must be set to

0

- 1 ​ or ​ 1

. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.

For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value

- 1 ​ or ​ 1

is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value

1

is recommended. Otherwise, because for this routine the values of the output arguments may be useful even if

ifail \neq 0

on exit, the recommended value is

- 1

. When the value $- 1 or 1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit:

ifail = 0

unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

- 1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Note: g08ecf may return useful information for one or more of the following detected errors or warnings.

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: On entry, $cl = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $cl ='S'$ , $'F'$ , $'I'$ or $'L'$ .

$ifail = 2$: On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: if $cl ='S'$ , $n \geq 3$ , otherwise $n \geq 1$ .

$ifail = 3$: On entry, $msize = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $msize \geq 2$ .

$ifail = 4$: On entry, $ldc = 〈value〉$ and $msize = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $ldc \geq msize$ .

$ifail = 5$: On entry, at least one element of x is out of range.
Constraint: $0 \leq x (i) \leq 1$ , for $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$ .

$ifail = 6$: No triplets were found because less than $3$ observations were provided in total.

$ifail = 7$: msize is too large relative to the number of triplets, therefore the expected value for at least one cell is less than or equal to $5.0$ .
This implies that the $χ^{2}$ distribution may not be a very good approximation to the distribution of the test statistic.
$msize = 〈value〉$ , number of triplets $= 〈value〉$ and $expected value = 〈value〉$ .
All statistics are returned and may still be of use.

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

7

Accuracy

The computations are believed to be stable. The computations of prob given the values of chi and df will obtain a relative accuracy of five significant figures for most cases.

8

Parallelism and Performance

g08ecf is not thread safe and should not be called from a multithreaded user program. Please see Section 3.12.1 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for more information on thread safety.

g08ecf is not threaded in any implementation.

9

Further Comments

If the call to g08ecf is an initial call or intermediate call with further calls to follow then any unused observations are saved for use at the beginning of the new sequence provided in the following call. Clearly any observations left over from an only or final call to g08ecf are ignored.

The time taken by the routine increases with the number of observations

n

, and also depends to some extent whether the call to g08ecf is an only, first, intermediate or last call.

10

Example

The following program performs the triplets test on

500

pseudorandom numbers. g08ecf is called

5

times with

100

observations on each call. The triplets are tallied into a

2

2

2

matrix.

NAG Library Routine Document

g08ecf (randtest_triplets)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

1

Purpose

2

Specification

3

Description

4

References

5

Arguments

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

7

Accuracy

8

Parallelism and Performance

9

Further Comments

10

Example

10.1

Program Text

10.2

Program Data

10.3

Program Results