is proportional to a robust estimate of the covariance of the variables. g02hbf is intended for the calculation of weights of bounded influence regression using g02hdf.

2

Specification

Fortran Interface

Subroutine g02hbf (

ucv, n, m, x, ldx, a, z, bl, bd, tol, maxit, nitmon, nit, wk, ifail)

Integer, Intent (In)	::	n, m, ldx, maxit, nitmon
Integer, Intent (Inout)	::	ifail
Integer, Intent (Out)	::	nit
Real (Kind=nag_wp), External	::	ucv
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	x(ldx,m), bl, bd, tol
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout)	::	a(m*(m+1)/2)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out)	::	z(n), wk(m*(m+1)/2)

C Header Interface

#include nagmk26.h

void	g02hbf_ ( double (NAG_CALL ucv)( const double t), const Integer n, const Integer m, const double x[], const Integer ldx, double a[], double z[], const double bl, const double bd, const double tol, const Integer maxit, const Integer nitmon, Integer nit, double wk[], Integer ifail)

3

Description

In fitting the linear regression model

y = X θ + ε,

where	$y$ is a vector of length $n$ of the dependent variable,
	$X$ is an $n$ by $m$ matrix of independent variables,
	$θ$ is a vector of length $m$ of unknown arguments,
and	$ε$ is a vector of length $n$ of unknown errors,

it may be desirable to bound the influence of rows of the

X

matrix. This can be achieved by calculating a weight for each observation. Several schemes for calculating weights have been proposed (see Hampel et al. (1986) and Marazzi (1987)). As the different independent variables may be measured on different scales one group of proposed weights aims to bound a standardized measure of influence. To obtain such weights the matrix

A

has to be found such that

\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i = 1}^{n} u ({‖z_{i}‖}_{2}) z_{i} z_{i}^{T} = I ​ (I ​ is the identity matrix)

and

z_{i} = A x_{i},

where	$x_{i}$ is a vector of length $m$ containing the elements of the $i$ th row of $X$ ,
	$A$ is an $m$ by $m$ lower triangular matrix,
	$z_{i}$ is a vector of length $m$ ,
and	$u$ is a suitable function.

The weights for use with g02hdf may then be computed using

w_{i} = f ({‖z_{i}‖}_{2})

for a suitable user-supplied function

f

g02hbf finds

A

using the iterative procedure

A_{k} = (S_{k} + I) A_{k - 1},

where

S_{k} = (s_{j l})

, for

j = 1, 2, \dots, m

and

l = 1, 2, \dots, m

, is a lower triangular matrix such that

$s_{j l} = \{\begin{cases} - \min [\max (h_{j l} / n, - BL), BL], & j > l \\ - \min [\max (\frac{1}{2} (h_{j j} / n - 1), - BD), BD], & j = l \end{cases}$
$h_{j l} = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} u ({‖z_{i}‖}_{2}) z_{i j} z_{i l}$

and

BD

and

BL

are suitable bounds.

In addition the values of

{‖z_{i}‖}_{2}

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

, are calculated.

g02hbf is based on routines in ROBETH; see Marazzi (1987).

4

References

Hampel F R, Ronchetti E M, Rousseeuw P J and Stahel W A (1986) Robust Statistics. The Approach Based on Influence Functions Wiley

Huber P J (1981) Robust Statistics Wiley

Marazzi A (1987) Weights for bounded influence regression in ROBETH Cah. Rech. Doc. IUMSP, No. 3 ROB 3 Institut Universitaire de Médecine Sociale et Préventive, Lausanne

5

Arguments

1: $ucv$ – real (Kind=nag_wp) Function, supplied by the user.External Procedure

ucv must return the value of the function

u

for a given value of its argument. The value of

u

must be non-negative.

The specification of ucv is:

Fortran Interface

Function ucv (

Real (Kind=nag_wp)	::	ucv
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In)	::	t

C Header Interface

#include nagmk26.h

double

ucv ( const double *t)

1: $t$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input: On entry: the argument for which ucv must be evaluated.

ucv must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which g02hbf is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.

Note: ucv should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by g02hbf. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, g02hbf is likely to produce unexpected results.

2: $n$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

n

, the number of observations.

Constraint:

n > 1

3: $m$ – IntegerInput

On entry:

m

, the number of independent variables.

Constraint:

1 \leq m \leq n

4: $x (ldx, m)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput

On entry: the real matrix

X

, i.e., the independent variables.

x (i, j)

must contain the

i j

th element of

x

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

and

j = 1, 2, \dots, m

5: $ldx$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the first dimension of the array x as declared in the (sub)program from which g02hbf is called.

Constraint:

ldx \geq n

6: $a (m \times (m + 1) / 2)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output

On entry: an initial estimate of the lower triangular real matrix

A

. Only the lower triangular elements must be given and these should be stored row-wise in the array.

The diagonal elements must be

\neq 0

, although in practice will usually be

> 0

. If the magnitudes of the columns of

X

are of the same order the identity matrix will often provide a suitable initial value for

A

. If the columns of

X

are of different magnitudes, the diagonal elements of the initial value of

A

should be approximately inversely proportional to the magnitude of the columns of

X

On exit: the lower triangular elements of the matrix

A

, stored row-wise.

7: $z (n)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput

On exit: the value

{‖z_{i}‖}_{2}

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

8: $bl$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input

On entry: the magnitude of the bound for the off-diagonal elements of

S_{k}

Suggested value:

bl = 0.9

Constraint:

bl > 0.0

9: $bd$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input

On entry: the magnitude of the bound for the diagonal elements of

S_{k}

Suggested value:

bd = 0.9

Constraint:

bd > 0.0

10: $tol$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp)Input

On entry: the relative precision for the final value of

A

. Iteration will stop when the maximum value of

|s_{j l}|

is less than tol.

Constraint:

tol > 0.0

11: $maxit$ – IntegerInput

On entry: the maximum number of iterations that will be used during the calculation of

A

A value of

maxit = 50

will often be adequate.

Constraint:

maxit > 0

12: $nitmon$ – IntegerInput

On entry: determines the amount of information that is printed on each iteration.

$nitmon > 0$: The value of $A$ and the maximum value of $|s_{j l}|$ will be printed at the first and every nitmon iterations.
$nitmon \leq 0$: No iteration monitoring is printed.

When printing occurs the output is directed to the current advisory message unit (see x04abf).

13: $nit$ – IntegerOutput

On exit: the number of iterations performed.

14: $wk (m \times (m + 1) / 2)$ – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayWorkspace

15: $ifail$ – IntegerInput/Output

On entry: ifail must be set to

0

- 1 ​ or ​ 1

. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.

For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value

- 1 ​ or ​ 1

is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value

1

is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is

0

. When the value $- 1 or 1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit:

ifail = 0

unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

ifail = 0

- 1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$ifail = 1$: On entry, $m = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $m \geq 1$ .

On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 2$ .

On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ and $ldx = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $ldx \geq n$ .

On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ and $m = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $n \geq m$ .

$ifail = 2$: On entry, $bd = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $bd > 0.0$ .

On entry, $bl = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $bl > 0.0$ .

On entry, diagonal element $〈value〉$ of a is $0$ .

On entry, $maxit = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $maxit > 0$ .

On entry, $tol = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $tol > 0.0$ .

$ifail = 3$: Value returned by ucv function $< 0$ : $u (〈value〉) = 〈value〉$ .

$ifail = 4$: Iterations to calculate weights failed to converge in maxit iterations: $maxit = 〈value〉$ .

$ifail = - 99$: An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

$ifail = - 399$: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

$ifail = - 999$: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

7

Accuracy

On successful exit the accuracy of the results is related to the value of tol; see Section 5.

8

Parallelism and Performance

g02hbf makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9

Further Comments

The existence of

A

will depend upon the function

u

; (see Hampel et al. (1986) and Marazzi (1987)), also if

X

is not of full rank a value of

A

will not be found. If the columns of

X

are almost linearly related then convergence will be slow.

10

Example

This example reads in a matrix of real numbers and computes the Krasker–Welsch weights (see Marazzi (1987)). The matrix

A

and the weights are then printed.

NAG Library Routine Document

g02hbf (robustm_wts)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

1

Purpose

2

Specification

3

Description

4

References

5

Arguments

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

7

Accuracy

8

Parallelism and Performance

9

Further Comments

10

Example

10.1

Program Text

10.2

Program Data

10.3

Program Results