NAG Library Routine Document

S17AEF

+− Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Parameters

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Further Comments

+− 9 Example

9.1 Program Text

9.2 Program Data

9.3 Program Results

1 Purpose

S17AEF returns the value of the Bessel function

J_{0} (x)

, via the function name.

2 Specification

FUNCTION S17AEF (

X, IFAIL)

REAL (KIND=nag_wp) S17AEF

INTEGER	IFAIL
REAL (KIND=nag_wp)	X

3 Description

S17AEF evaluates an approximation to the Bessel function of the first kind

J_{0} (x)

Note:

J_{0} (- x) = J_{0} (x)

, so the approximation need only consider

x \geq 0

The routine is based on three Chebyshev expansions:

For

0 < x \leq 8

J_{0} (x) = \underset{r = 0}{\sum^{'}} a_{r} T_{r} (t),   with ​ t = 2 {(\frac{x}{8})}^{2} - 1 .

For

x > 8

J_{0} (x) = \sqrt{\frac{2}{π x}} \{P_{0} (x) \cos (x - \frac{π}{4}) - Q_{0} (x) \sin (x - \frac{π}{4})\},

where

P_{0} (x) = \underset{r = 0}{\sum^{'}} b_{r} T_{r} (t)

and

Q_{0} (x) = \frac{8}{x} \underset{r = 0}{\sum^{'}} c_{r} T_{r} (t)

with

t = 2 {(\frac{8}{x})}^{2} - 1

For

x

near zero,

J_{0} (x) ≃ 1

. This approximation is used when

x

is sufficiently small for the result to be correct to machine precision.

For very large

x

, it becomes impossible to provide results with any reasonable accuracy (see Section 7), hence the routine fails. Such arguments contain insufficient information to determine the phase of oscillation of

J_{0} (x)

; only the amplitude,

\sqrt{\frac{2}{π |x|}}

, can be determined and this is returned on soft failure. The range for which this occurs is roughly related to machine precision; the routine will fail if

|x| ≳ 1 / machine precision

(see the Users' Note for your implementation for details).

4 References

Abramowitz M and Stegun I A (1972) Handbook of Mathematical Functions (3rd Edition) Dover Publications

Clenshaw C W (1962) Chebyshev Series for Mathematical Functions Mathematical tables HMSO

5 Parameters

1: X – REAL (KIND=nag_wp)Input: On entry: the argument $x$ of the function.
2: IFAIL – INTEGERInput/Output: On entry: IFAIL must be set to $0$ , $- 1 or 1$ . If you are unfamiliar with this parameter you should refer to Section 3.3 in the Essential Introduction for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value $- 1 or 1$ is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value $1$ is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this parameter, the recommended value is $0$ . When the value $- 1 or 1$ is used it is essential to test the value of IFAIL on exit.

On exit: $IFAIL = 0$ unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry

IFAIL = 0

- 1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by X04AAF).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

$IFAIL = 1$: X is too large. On soft failure the routine returns the amplitude of the $J_{0}$ oscillation, $\sqrt{\frac{2}{π |x|}}$ .

7 Accuracy

Let

δ

be the relative error in the argument and

E

be the absolute error in the result. (Since

J_{0} (x)

oscillates about zero, absolute error and not relative error is significant.)

δ

is somewhat larger than the machine precision (e.g., if

δ

is due to data errors etc.), then

E

and

δ

are approximately related by:

E ≃ |x J_{1} (x)| δ

(provided

E

is also within machine bounds). Figure 1 displays the behaviour of the amplification factor

|x J_{1} (x)|

However, if

δ

is of the same order as machine precision, then rounding errors could make

E

slightly larger than the above relation predicts.

For very large

x

, the above relation ceases to apply. In this region,

J_{0} (x) ≃ \sqrt{\frac{2}{π |x|}} \cos (x - \frac{π}{4})

. The amplitude

\sqrt{\frac{2}{π |x|}}

can be calculated with reasonable accuracy for all

x

, but

\cos (x - \frac{π}{4})

cannot. If

x - \frac{π}{4}

is written as

2 N π + θ

where

N

is an integer and

0 \leq θ < 2 π

, then

\cos (x - \frac{π}{4})

is determined by

θ

only. If

x ≳ δ^{- 1}

θ

cannot be determined with any accuracy at all. Thus if

x

is greater than, or of the order of, the inverse of the machine precision, it is impossible to calculate the phase of

J_{0} (x)

and the routine must fail.

Figure 1

8 Further Comments

None.

9 Example

This example reads values of the argument

x

from a file, evaluates the function at each value of

x

and prints the results.

NAG Library Routine DocumentS17AEF