g07aaf : NAG Library, Mark 26

g07aaf computes a confidence interval for the parameter

p

(the probability of a success) of a binomial distribution.

#include <nagmk26.h>

Given the number of trials,

n

, and the number of successes,

k

, this routine computes a

100 (1 - α) %

confidence interval for

p

, the probability parameter of a binomial distribution with probability function,

f (x) = (\begin{matrix} n \\ x \end{matrix}) p^{x} {(1 - p)}^{n - x}, x = 0, 1, \dots, n,

where

α

is in the interval

(0, 1)

Let the confidence interval be denoted by [

p_{l}, p_{u}

The point estimate for

p

\hat{p} = k / n

The lower and upper confidence limits

p_{l}

and

p_{u}

are estimated by the solutions to the equations;

\sum_{x = k}^{n} (\begin{matrix} n \\ x \end{matrix}) p_{l}^{x} {(1 - p_{l})}^{n - x} = α / 2,

\sum_{x = 0}^{k} (\begin{matrix} n \\ x \end{matrix}) p_{u}^{x} {(1 - p_{u})}^{n - x} = α / 2 .

Three different methods are used depending on the number of trials,

n

, and the number of successes,

k

\max (k, n - k) < 10^{6}

The relationship between the beta and binomial distributions (see page 38 of Hastings and Peacock (1975)) is used to derive the equivalent equations,

\begin{array}{lcl} p_{l} & = & β_{k, n - k + 1, α / 2}, \\ p_{u} & = & β_{k + 1, n - k, 1 - α / 2}, \end{array}

where

β_{a, b, δ}

is the deviate associated with the lower tail probability,

δ

, of the beta distribution with parameters

a

and

b

. These beta deviates are computed using g01fef.

\max (k, n - k) \geq 10^{6}

and

\min (k, n - k) \leq 1000

The binomial variate with parameters

n

and

p

is approximated by a Poisson variate with mean

n p

, see page 38 of Hastings and Peacock (1975).

The relationship between the Poisson and

χ^{2}

-distributions (see page 112 of Hastings and Peacock (1975)) is used to derive the following equations;

\begin{array}{lcl} p_{l} & = & \frac{1}{2 n} χ_{2 k, α / 2}^{2}, \\ p_{u} & = & \frac{1}{2 n} χ_{2 k + 2, 1 - α / 2}^{2}, \end{array}

where

χ_{δ, ν}^{2}

is the deviate associated with the lower tail probability,

δ

, of the

χ^{2}

-distribution with

ν

degrees of freedom.

In turn the relationship between the

χ^{2}

-distribution and the gamma distribution (see page 70 of Hastings and Peacock (1975)) yields the following equivalent equations;

\begin{array}{lcl} p_{l} & = & \frac{1}{2 n} γ_{k, 2; α / 2}, \\ p_{u} & = & \frac{1}{2 n} γ_{k + 1, 2; 1 - α / 2}, \end{array}

where

γ_{α, β; δ}

is the deviate associated with the lower tail probability,

δ

, of the gamma distribution with shape parameter

α

and scale parameter

β

. These deviates are computed using g01fff.

\max (k, n - k) > 10^{6}

and

\min (k, n - k) > 1000

The binomial variate with parameters

n

and

p

is approximated by a Normal variate with mean

n p

and variance

n p (1 - p)

, see page 38 of Hastings and Peacock (1975).

The approximate lower and upper confidence limits

p_{l}

and

p_{u}

are the solutions to the equations;

\begin{array}{lcl} \frac{k - n p_{l}}{\sqrt{n p_{l} (1 - p_{l})}} & = & z_{1 - α / 2}, \\ \frac{k - n p_{u}}{\sqrt{n p_{u} (1 - p_{u})}} & = & z_{α / 2}, \end{array}

where

z_{δ}

is the deviate associated with the lower tail probability,

δ

, of the standard Normal distribution. These equations are solved using a quadratic equation solver (c02ajf).

Hastings N A J and Peacock J B (1975) Statistical Distributions Butterworth

Snedecor G W and Cochran W G (1967) Statistical Methods Iowa State University Press

On entry:

n

, the number of trials.

Constraint:

n \geq 1

On entry:

k

, the number of successes.

Constraint:

0 \leq k \leq n

On entry: the confidence level,

(1 - α)

, for two-sided interval estimate. For example

clevel = 0.95

will give a

95 %

confidence interval.

Constraint:

0.0 < clevel < 1.0

On exit: the lower limit,

p_{l}

, of the confidence interval.

On exit: the upper limit,

p_{u}

, of the confidence interval.

On entry: ifail must be set to

0

- 1 or 1

. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.

For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value

- 1 or 1

is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value

1

is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is

0

. When the value $- 1 or 1$ is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.

On exit:

ifail = 0

unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

If on entry

ifail = 0

- 1

, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).

Errors or warnings detected by the routine:

On entry,

clevel = 〈value〉

.
Constraint:

0.0 < clevel < 1.0

On entry,

k = 〈value〉

.
Constraint:

k \geq 0

On entry,

n = 〈value〉

.
Constraint:

n \geq 1

On entry,

n = 〈value〉

and

k = 〈value〉

.
Constraint:

n \geq k

When using the relationship with the gamma distribution the series to calculate the gamma probabilities has failed to converge. Both pl and pu are set to zero. This is an unlikely error exit.

An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.

See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.

See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

Dynamic memory allocation failed.

See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

For most cases using the beta deviates the results should have a relative accuracy of

\max (0.5E−12, 50.0 \times ε)

where

ε

is the machine precision (see x02ajf). Thus on machines with sufficiently high precision the results should be accurate to

12

significant figures. Some accuracy may be lost when

α / 2

1 - α / 2

is very close to

0.0

, which will occur if clevel is very close to

1.0

. This should not affect the usual confidence levels used.

The approximations used when

n

is large are accurate to at least

3

significant digits but usually to more.

g07aaf is not threaded in any implementation.

The following example program reads in the number of deaths recorded among male recipients of war pensions in a six year period following an initial questionnaire in 1956. We consider two classes, non-smokers and those who reported that they smoked pipes only. The total number of males in each class is also read in. The data is taken from page 216 of Snedecor and Cochran (1967). An estimate of the probability of a death in the six year period in each class is computed together with 95% confidence intervals for these estimates.

NAG Library Routine Document

g07aaf (ci_binomial)

▸▿ Contents

1

Purpose

2

Specification

3

Description

4

References

5

Arguments

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

7

Accuracy

8

Parallelism and Performance

9

Further Comments

10

Example

10.1

Program Text

10.2

Program Data

10.3

Program Results

NAG Library Routine Document

g07aaf (ci_binomial)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

1

Purpose

2

Specification

3

Description

4

References

5

Arguments

6

Error Indicators and Warnings

7

Accuracy

8

Parallelism and Performance

9

Further Comments

10

Example

10.1

Program Text

10.2

Program Data

10.3

Program Results