NAG Library Routine Document

f01eff (real_symm_matrix_fun)

1
Purpose

f01eff computes the matrix function, fA, of a real symmetric n by n matrix A. fA must also be a real symmetric matrix.

2
Specification

Fortran Interface
Subroutine f01eff ( uplo, n, a, lda, f, iuser, ruser, iflag, ifail)
Integer, Intent (In):: n, lda
Integer, Intent (Inout):: iuser(*), ifail
Integer, Intent (Out):: iflag
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout):: a(lda,*), ruser(*)
Character (1), Intent (In):: uplo
External:: f
C Header Interface
#include <nagmk26.h>
void  f01eff_ (const char *uplo, const Integer *n, double a[], const Integer *lda,
void (NAG_CALL *f)(Integer *iflag, const Integer *n, const double x[], double fx[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[]),
Integer iuser[], double ruser[], Integer *iflag, Integer *ifail, const Charlen length_uplo)

3
Description

fA is computed using a spectral factorization of A 
A = Q D QT ,  
where D is the diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements, di, are the eigenvalues of A, and Q is an orthogonal matrix whose columns are the eigenvectors of A. fA is then given by
fA = Q fD QT ,  
where fD is the diagonal matrix whose ith diagonal element is fdi. See for example Section 4.5 of Higham (2008). fdi is assumed to be real.

4
References

Higham N J (2008) Functions of Matrices: Theory and Computation SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA

5
Arguments

1:     uplo – Character(1)Input
On entry: if uplo='U', the upper triangle of the matrix A is stored.
If uplo='L', the lower triangle of the matrix A is stored.
Constraint: uplo='U' or 'L'.
2:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the order of the matrix A.
Constraint: n0.
3:     alda* – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput/Output
Note: the second dimension of the array a must be at least n.
On entry: the n by n symmetric matrix A.
  • If uplo='U', the upper triangular part of A must be stored and the elements of the array below the diagonal are not referenced.
  • If uplo='L', the lower triangular part of A must be stored and the elements of the array above the diagonal are not referenced.
On exit: if ifail=0, the upper or lower triangular part of the n by n matrix function, fA.
4:     lda – IntegerInput
On entry: the first dimension of the array a as declared in the (sub)program from which f01eff is called.
Constraint: ldamax1,n.
5:     f – Subroutine, supplied by the user.External Procedure
The subroutine f evaluates fzi at a number of points zi.
The specification of f is:
Fortran Interface
Subroutine f ( iflag, n, x, fx, iuser, ruser)
Integer, Intent (In):: n
Integer, Intent (Inout):: iflag, iuser(*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (In):: x(n)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Inout):: ruser(*)
Real (Kind=nag_wp), Intent (Out):: fx(n)
C Header Interface
#include <nagmk26.h>
void  f (Integer *iflag, const Integer *n, const double x[], double fx[], Integer iuser[], double ruser[])
1:     iflag – IntegerInput/Output
On entry: iflag will be zero.
On exit: iflag should either be unchanged from its entry value of zero, or may be set nonzero to indicate that there is a problem in evaluating the function fx; for instance fx may not be defined, or may be complex. If iflag is returned as nonzero then f01eff will terminate the computation, with ifail=-6.
2:     n – IntegerInput
On entry: n, the number of function values required.
3:     xn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayInput
On entry: the n points x1,x2,,xn at which the function f is to be evaluated.
4:     fxn – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayOutput
On exit: the n function values. fxi should return the value fxi, for i=1,2,,n.
5:     iuser* – Integer arrayUser Workspace
6:     ruser* – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayUser Workspace
f is called with the arguments iuser and ruser as supplied to f01eff. You should use the arrays iuser and ruser to supply information to f.
f must either be a module subprogram USEd by, or declared as EXTERNAL in, the (sub)program from which f01eff is called. Arguments denoted as Input must not be changed by this procedure.
Note: f should not return floating-point NaN (Not a Number) or infinity values, since these are not handled by f01eff. If your code inadvertently does return any NaNs or infinities, f01eff is likely to produce unexpected results.
6:     iuser* – Integer arrayUser Workspace
7:     ruser* – Real (Kind=nag_wp) arrayUser Workspace
iuser and ruser are not used by f01eff, but are passed directly to f and may be used to pass information to this routine.
8:     iflag – IntegerOutput
On exit: iflag=0, unless you have set iflag nonzero inside f, in which case iflag will be the value you set and ifail will be set to ifail=-6.
9:     ifail – IntegerInput/Output
On entry: ifail must be set to 0, -1 or 1. If you are unfamiliar with this argument you should refer to Section 3.4 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for details.
For environments where it might be inappropriate to halt program execution when an error is detected, the value -1 or 1 is recommended. If the output of error messages is undesirable, then the value 1 is recommended. Otherwise, if you are not familiar with this argument, the recommended value is 0. When the value -1 or 1 is used it is essential to test the value of ifail on exit.
On exit: ifail=0 unless the routine detects an error or a warning has been flagged (see Section 6).

6
Error Indicators and Warnings

If on entry ifail=0 or -1, explanatory error messages are output on the current error message unit (as defined by x04aaf).
Errors or warnings detected by the routine:
ifail>0
The computation of the spectral factorization failed to converge.
If ifail=i, the algorithm to compute the spectral factorization failed to converge; i off-diagonal elements of an intermediate tridiagonal form did not converge to zero (see f08faf (dsyev)).
ifail=-1
On entry, uplo=value.
Constraint: uplo='L' or 'U'.
ifail=-2
On entry, n=value.
Constraint: n0.
ifail=-3
An internal error occurred when computing the spectral factorization. Please contact NAG.
ifail=-4
On entry, lda=value and n=value.
Constraint: ldan.
ifail=-6
iflag was set to a nonzero value in f.
ifail=-99
An unexpected error has been triggered by this routine. Please contact NAG.
See Section 3.9 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-399
Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 3.8 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
ifail=-999
Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

7
Accuracy

Provided that fD can be computed accurately then the computed matrix function will be close to the exact matrix function. See Section 10.2 of Higham (2008) for details and further discussion.

8
Parallelism and Performance

f01eff is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.
f01eff makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.
Please consult the X06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this routine. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9
Further Comments

The integer allocatable memory required is n, and the real allocatable memory required is approximately n+nb+4×n, where nb is the block size required by f08faf (dsyev).
The cost of the algorithm is On3 plus the cost of evaluating fD. If λ^i is the ith computed eigenvalue of A, then the user-supplied subroutine f will be asked to evaluate the function f at fλ^i, i=1,2,,n.
For further information on matrix functions, see Higham (2008).
f01fff can be used to find the matrix function fA for a complex Hermitian matrix A.

10
Example

This example finds the matrix cosine, cosA, of the symmetric matrix
A= 1 2 3 4 2 1 2 3 3 2 1 2 4 3 2 1 .  

10.1
Program Text

Program Text (f01effe.f90)

10.2
Program Data

Program Data (f01effe.d)

10.3
Program Results

Program Results (f01effe.r)