NAG C Library Function Document

is computed using a Padé approximant and the scaling and squaring method. The Padé approximant is then differentiated in order to obtain the Fréchet derivative

L (A, E)

4

References

Al–Mohy A H and Higham N J (2009a) A new scaling and squaring algorithm for the matrix exponential SIAM J. Matrix Anal. 31(3) 970–989

Al–Mohy A H and Higham N J (2009b) Computing the Fréchet derivative of the matrix exponential, with an application to condition number estimation SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 30(4) 1639–1657

Higham N J (2008) Functions of Matrices: Theory and Computation SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Moler C B and Van Loan C F (2003) Nineteen dubious ways to compute the exponential of a matrix, twenty-five years later SIAM Rev. 45 3–49

5

Arguments

1: $n$ – IntegerInput: On entry: $n$ , the order of the matrix $A$ .

Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
2: $a [\dim]$ – ComplexInput/Output: Note: the dimension, dim, of the array a must be at least $pda \times n$ .

The $(i, j)$ th element of the matrix $A$ is stored in $a [(j - 1) \times pda + i - 1]$ .

On entry: the $n$ by $n$ matrix $A$ .

On exit: the $n$ by $n$ matrix exponential $e^{A}$ .
3: $pda$ – IntegerInput: On entry: the stride separating matrix row elements in the array a.

Constraint: $pda \geq n$ .
4: $e [\dim]$ – ComplexInput/Output: Note: the dimension, dim, of the array e must be at least $pde \times n$ .

The $(i, j)$ th element of the matrix $E$ is stored in $e [(j - 1) \times pde + i - 1]$ .

On entry: the $n$ by $n$ matrix $E$

On exit: the Fréchet derivative $L (A, E)$
5: $pde$ – IntegerInput: On entry: the stride separating matrix row elements in the array e.

Constraint: $pde \geq n$ .
6: $fail$ – NagError *Input/Output: The NAG error argument (see Section 3.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).

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Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 2.3.1.2 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $〈value〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT: On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
NE_INT_2: On entry, $pda = 〈value〉$ and $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $pda \geq n$ .

On entry, $pde = 〈value〉$ and $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $pde \geq n$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.
See Section 2.7.6 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 2.7.5 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_SINGULAR: The linear equations to be solved for the Padé approximant are singular; it is likely that this function has been called incorrectly.
NW_SOME_PRECISION_LOSS: $e^{A}$ has been computed using an IEEE double precision Padé approximant, although the arithmetic precision is higher than IEEE double precision.

7

Accuracy

For a normal matrix

A

(for which

A^{H} A = A A^{H}

) the computed matrix,

e^{A}

, is guaranteed to be close to the exact matrix, that is, the method is forward stable. No such guarantee can be given for non-normal matrices. See Section 10.3 of Higham (2008), Al–Mohy and Higham (2009a) and Al–Mohy and Higham (2009b) for details and further discussion.

8

Parallelism and Performance

nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_exp (f01khc) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_exp (f01khc) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the x06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9

Further Comments

The cost of the algorithm is

O (n^{3})

and the complex allocatable memory required is approximately

9 n^{2}

; see Al–Mohy and Higham (2009a) and Al–Mohy and Higham (2009b).

If the matrix exponential alone is required, without the Fréchet derivative, then nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_exp (f01fcc) should be used.

If the condition number of the matrix exponential is required then nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_cond_exp (f01kgc) should be used.

As well as the excellent book Higham (2008), the classic reference for the computation of the matrix exponential is Moler and Van Loan (2003).

10

Example

This example finds the matrix exponential

e^{A}

and the Fréchet derivative

L (A, E)

, where

A = (\begin{array}{r} 1 + i & 2 + i & 2 + i & 2 + i \\ 3 + 2 i & 1 & 1 & 2 + i \\ 3 + 2 i & 2 + i & 1 & 2 + i \\ 3 + 2 i & 3 + 2 i & 3 + 2 i & 1 + i \end{array}) and E = (\begin{array}{r} 1 & 2 + i & 2 & 4 + i \\ 3 + 2 i & 0 & 1 & 0 + i \\ 0 + 2 i & 0 + i & 1 & 0 \\ 1 + i & 2 + 2 i & 0 + 3 i & 1 \end{array}) .

NAG C Library Function Document

nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_exp (f01khc)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

1

Purpose

2

Specification

3

Description