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NAG Library Function Document

nag_fresnel_c_vector (s20arc)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

▸▿ 10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

1 Purpose

nag_fresnel_c_vector (s20arc) returns an array of values for the Fresnel integral

C (x)

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>

#include <nags.h>

void	nag_fresnel_c_vector (Integer n, const double x[], double f[], NagError *fail)

3 Description

nag_fresnel_c_vector (s20arc) evaluates an approximation to the Fresnel integral

C (x_{i}) = \int_{0}^{x_{i}} \cos (\frac{π}{2} t^{2}) d t

for an array of arguments

x_{i}

, for

i = 1, 2, \dots, n

Note:

C (x) = - C (- x)

, so the approximation need only consider

x \geq 0.0

The function is based on three Chebyshev expansions:

For

0 < x \leq 3

C (x) = x \underset{r = 0}{\sum^{'}} a_{r} T_{r} (t),   with ​ t = 2 {(\frac{x}{3})}^{4} - 1 .

For

x > 3

C (x) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{f (x)}{x} \sin (\frac{π}{2} x^{2}) - \frac{g (x)}{x^{3}} \cos (\frac{π}{2} x^{2}),

where

f (x) = \underset{r = 0}{\sum^{'}} b_{r} T_{r} (t)

and

g (x) = \underset{r = 0}{\sum^{'}} c_{r} T_{r} (t)

with

t = 2 {(\frac{3}{x})}^{4} - 1

For small

x

C (x) ≃ x

. This approximation is used when

x

is sufficiently small for the result to be correct to machine precision.

For large

x

f (x) ≃ \frac{1}{π}

and

g (x) ≃ \frac{1}{π^{2}}

. Therefore for moderately large

x

, when

\frac{1}{π^{2} x^{3}}

is negligible compared with

\frac{1}{2}

, the second term in the approximation for

x > 3

may be dropped. For very large

x

, when

\frac{1}{π x}

becomes negligible,

C (x) ≃ \frac{1}{2}

. However there will be considerable difficulties in calculating

\sin (\frac{π}{2} x^{2})

accurately before this final limiting value can be used. Since

\sin (\frac{π}{2} x^{2})

is periodic, its value is essentially determined by the fractional part of

x^{2}

. If

x^{2} = N + θ

, where

N

is an integer and

0 \leq θ < 1

, then

\sin (\frac{π}{2} x^{2})

depends on

θ

and on

N

modulo

4

. By exploiting this fact, it is possible to retain some significance in the calculation of

\sin (\frac{π}{2} x^{2})

either all the way to the very large

x

limit, or at least until the integer part of

\frac{x}{2}

is equal to the maximum integer allowed on the machine.

4 References

Abramowitz M and Stegun I A (1972) Handbook of Mathematical Functions (3rd Edition) Dover Publications

5 Arguments

1: $n$ – IntegerInput: On entry: $n$ , the number of points.

Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
2: $x [n]$ – const doubleInput: On entry: the argument $x_{i}$ of the function, for $i = 1, 2, \dots, n$ .
3: $f [n]$ – doubleOutput: On exit: $C (x_{i})$ , the function values.
4: $fail$ – NagError *Input/Output: The NAG error argument (see Section 2.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 2.3.1.2 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $〈value〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT: On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.

An unexpected error has been triggered by this function. Please contact NAG.
See Section 2.7.6 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 2.7.5 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.

7 Accuracy

Let

δ

and

ε

be the relative errors in the argument and result respectively.

δ

is somewhat larger than the machine precision (i.e if

δ

is due to data errors etc.), then

ε

and

δ

are approximately related by:

ε ≃ |\frac{x \cos (\frac{π}{2} x^{2})}{C (x)}| δ .

Figure 1 shows the behaviour of the error amplification factor

|\frac{x \cos (\frac{π}{2} x^{2})}{C (x)}|

However, if

δ

is of the same order as the machine precision, then rounding errors could make

ε

slightly larger than the above relation predicts.

For small

x

ε ≃ δ

and there is no amplification of relative error.

For moderately large values of

x

ε ≃ |2 x \cos (\frac{π}{2} x^{2})| δ

and the result will be subject to increasingly large amplification of errors. However the above relation breaks down for large values of

x

(i.e., when

\frac{1}{x^{2}}

is of the order of the machine precision); in this region the relative error in the result is essentially bounded by

\frac{2}{π x}

Hence the effects of error amplification are limited and at worst the relative error loss should not exceed half the possible number of significant figures.

Figure 1

8 Parallelism and Performance

nag_fresnel_c_vector (s20arc) is not threaded in any implementation.

9 Further Comments

None.

10 Example

This example reads values of x from a file, evaluates the function at each value of

x_{i}

and prints the results.

NAG Library Function Documentnag_fresnel_c_vector (s20arc)