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NAG Library Function Document

nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_pow (f01kfc)

▸▿ Contents

1 Purpose

2 Specification

3 Description

4 References

5 Arguments

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

7 Accuracy

8 Parallelism and Performance

9 Further Comments

▸▿ 10 Example

10.1 Program Text

10.2 Program Data

10.3 Program Results

1 Purpose

nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_pow (f01kfc) computes the Fréchet derivative

L (A, E)

of the

p

th power (where

p

is real) of the complex

n

n

matrix

A

applied to the complex

n

n

matrix

E

. The principal matrix power

A^{p}

is also returned.

2 Specification

#include <nag.h>

#include <nagf01.h>

void	nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_pow (Integer n, Complex a[], Integer pda, Complex e[], Integer pde, double p, NagError *fail)

3 Description

For a matrix

A

with no eigenvalues on the closed negative real line,

A^{p}

(

p \in ℝ

) can be defined as

A^{p} = \exp (p \log (A))

where

\log (A)

is the principal logarithm of

A

(the unique logarithm whose spectrum lies in the strip

\{z : - π < Im (z) < π\}

). If

A

is nonsingular but has negative real eigenvalues, the principal logarithm is not defined, but a non-principal

p

th power can be defined by using a non-principal logarithm.

The Fréchet derivative of the matrix

p

th power of

A

is the unique linear mapping

E ⟼ L (A, E)

such that for any matrix

E

{(A + E)}^{p} - A^{p} - L (A, E) = o (‖E‖) .

The derivative describes the first-order effect of perturbations in

A

on the matrix power

A^{p}

nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_pow (f01kfc) uses the algorithms of Higham and Lin (2011) and Higham and Lin (2013) to compute

A^{p}

and

L (A, E)

. The real number

p

is expressed as

p = q + r

where

q \in (- 1, 1)

and

r \in ℤ

. Then

A^{p} = A^{q} A^{r}

. The integer power

A^{r}

is found using a combination of binary powering and, if necessary, matrix inversion. The fractional power

A^{q}

is computed using a Schur decomposition, a Padé approximant and the scaling and squaring method. The Padé approximant is differentiated in order to obtain the Fréchet derivative of

A^{q}

and

L (A, E)

is then computed using a combination of the chain rule and the product rule for Fréchet derivatives.

4 References

Higham N J (2008) Functions of Matrices: Theory and Computation SIAM, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Higham N J and Lin L (2011) A Schur–Padé algorithm for fractional powers of a matrix SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 32(3) 1056–1078

Higham N J and Lin L (2013) An improved Schur–Padé algorithm for fractional powers of a matrix and their Fréchet derivatives SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl. 34(3) 1341–1360

5 Arguments

1: $n$ – IntegerInput: On entry: $n$ , the order of the matrix $A$ .

Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
2: $a [\dim]$ – ComplexInput/Output: Note: the dimension, dim, of the array a must be at least $pda \times n$ .

The $(i, j)$ th element of the matrix $A$ is stored in $a [(j - 1) \times pda + i - 1]$ .

On entry: the $n$ by $n$ matrix $A$ .

On exit: the $n$ by $n$ principal matrix $p$ th power, $A^{p}$ . Alternatively if $fail . code =$ NE_NEGATIVE_EIGVAL, a non-principal $p$ th power is returned.
3: $pda$ – IntegerInput: On entry: the stride separating matrix row elements in the array a.

Constraint: $pda \geq n$ .
4: $e [\dim]$ – ComplexInput/Output: Note: the dimension, dim, of the array e must be at least $pde \times n$ .

The $(i, j)$ th element of the matrix $E$ is stored in $e [(j - 1) \times pde + i - 1]$ .

On entry: the $n$ by $n$ matrix $E$ .

On exit: the Fréchet derivative $L (A, E)$ .
5: $pde$ – IntegerInput: On entry: the stride separating matrix row elements in the array e.

Constraint: $pde \geq n$ .
6: $p$ – doubleInput: On entry: the required power of $A$ .
7: $fail$ – NagError *Input/Output: The NAG error argument (see Section 2.7 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation).

6 Error Indicators and Warnings

NE_ALLOC_FAIL: Dynamic memory allocation failed.
See Section 2.3.1.2 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_BAD_PARAM: On entry, argument $〈value〉$ had an illegal value.
NE_INT: On entry, $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $n \geq 0$ .
NE_INT_2: On entry, $pda = 〈value〉$ and $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $pda \geq n$ .

On entry, $pde = 〈value〉$ and $n = 〈value〉$ .
Constraint: $pde \geq n$ .
NE_INTERNAL_ERROR: An internal error has occurred in this function. Check the function call and any array sizes. If the call is correct then please contact NAG for assistance.

An unexpected error has been triggered by this function. Please contact NAG.
See Section 2.7.6 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_NEGATIVE_EIGVAL: $A$ has eigenvalues on the negative real line. The principal $p$ th power is not defined in this case, so a non-principal power was returned.
NE_NO_LICENCE: Your licence key may have expired or may not have been installed correctly.
See Section 2.7.5 in How to Use the NAG Library and its Documentation for further information.
NE_SINGULAR: $A$ is singular so the $p$ th power cannot be computed.
NW_SOME_PRECISION_LOSS: $A^{p}$ has been computed using an IEEE double precision Padé approximant, although the arithmetic precision is higher than IEEE double precision.

7 Accuracy

For a normal matrix

A

(for which

A^{H} A = A A^{H}

), the Schur decomposition is diagonal and the computation of the fractional part of the matrix power reduces to evaluating powers of the eigenvalues of

A

and then constructing

A^{p}

using the Schur vectors. This should give a very accurate result. In general, however, no error bounds are available for the algorithm. See Higham and Lin (2011) and Higham and Lin (2013) for details and further discussion.

If the condition number of the matrix power is required then nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_cond_pow (f01kec) should be used.

8 Parallelism and Performance

nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_pow (f01kfc) is threaded by NAG for parallel execution in multithreaded implementations of the NAG Library.

nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_pow (f01kfc) makes calls to BLAS and/or LAPACK routines, which may be threaded within the vendor library used by this implementation. Consult the documentation for the vendor library for further information.

Please consult the x06 Chapter Introduction for information on how to control and interrogate the OpenMP environment used within this function. Please also consult the Users' Note for your implementation for any additional implementation-specific information.

9 Further Comments

The complex allocatable memory required by the algorithm is approximately

6 \times n^{2}

The cost of the algorithm is

O (n^{3})

floating-point operations; see Higham and Lin (2011) and Higham and Lin (2013).

If the matrix

p

th power alone is required, without the Fréchet derivative, then nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_pow (f01fqc) should be used. If the condition number of the matrix power is required then nag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_cond_pow (f01kec) should be used. The real analogue of this function is nag_matop_real_gen_matrix_frcht_pow (f01jfc).

10 Example

This example finds

A^{p}

and the Fréchet derivative of the matrix power

L (A, E)

, where

p = 0.2

A = (\begin{array}{r} 2 & 3 & 2 & 1 + 3 i \\ 2 + i & 1 & 1 & 2 + i \\ 0 + i & 2 + 2 i & 0 + 2 i & 0 + 4 i \\ 3 & 0 + i & 3 & 1 \end{array}) and E = (\begin{array}{r} 0 + i & 3 & 2 & 1 + 3 i \\ 0 + i & 1 & 3 + 3 i & 0 + i \\ 0 + i & 2 + 2 i & 0 + 2 i & 0 \\ 2 & 0 + i & 1 & 1 \end{array}) .

NAG Library Function Documentnag_matop_complex_gen_matrix_frcht_pow (f01kfc)